Policies that mandate the creation and expansion of infrastructure that facilitates access to zero or lower emissions options are included in this category such as low emission zones, off-grid electrification, public passenger transport infrastructure.
a. Low emission zones (LEZs) and zero-emission zones (ZEZs): This is an approach to reduce congestion, improve air quality and prioritise public transport, walking and cycling. LEZs and ZEZs can also cover freight vehicles and restrict the access of polluting vans and trucks to city centres. Demand from policy makers and citizens for improved urban air quality in 2020 in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way for additional LEZs and ZEZs.
Source: SLOCAT (2021), Tracking Trends in a Time of Change: The Need for Radical Action Towards Sustainable Transport Decarbonisation, Transport and Climate Change Global Status Report – 2nd edition, www.tcc-gsr.com
b. Public passenger transport: The policies that promote project-level investments to create or extend specific mass passenger transport infrastructure are included in this category. This includes infrastructure for bus rapid transit (BRT), tram, metro, cable cars, etc. These actions expand the capacity, frequency, speed and/or coverage of public transport with the goal of increasing its mode share while decreasing the mode share of less efficient modes, especially private vehicles. Secondary goals are to increase per vehicle occupancy of public transport, update the vehicles and improve traffic flow.
The outcomes of successful implementation of this mitigation action are expected to increase the mode share of public transport to reduce the vehicle kilometer travelled of private vehicles, and increase the overall efficiency of public transport, leading to reduced GHG emissions through lower overall vehicle kilometer travelled and transport energy use in the region. Mass transit investments are known to generate a number of sustainable development co-benefits, which may include access to affordable mobility, shorter travel times and fewer accidents. It can also encourage more compact urban development with increased non-motorized transport, reduced vehicle ownership and improved health outcomes owing to more opportunities to exercise and lower pollution levels.
Source: UNFCCC, Compendium on GHG Baselines and Monitoring, Passenger and freight transport, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Transport_0.pdf
c. Electricity grids connection: Policies that support the interconnection of electricity grids are included in this category. Sometimes the most competitive wind and solar resources are spatially uneven, international transmission could allow such regions as a whole to benefit from “no-regrets” or low-cost, low-impact, and highly accessible resources. International energy trade also lowers system costs by reducing the need for conventional power plants and allows lower impact, more accessible renewable energy sites to be cost competitive. Regional interconnections planned around strategic siting opportunities are crucial for realizing no-regrets wind and solar energy development that can be competitive with conventional generation in many countries.
Source: https://www.pnas.org/content/114/15/E3004
d. Off-grid electrification: Countries are increasingly mainstreaming off-grid renewable energy solutions within national energy access strategies. Electrification infrastructure planning and strategies should clearly identify those areas of the country that will be reached by grid extension within a reasonable time frame, as well as those suitable for off-grid solutions. Holistic and integrated energy access strategies must be backed by dedicated policies and regulations designed for different off-grid solutions, such as mini-grids and stand-alone systems.
Moving beyond key investment risks, policies also need to address aspects related to capacity building and linkages between the sector and productive end-uses. All of these have a strong bearing on the scalability of off- grid solutions and the socio-economic outcomes of deployment policies.
An appropriate institutional framework is crucial to ensure the effective implementation of national energy access strategies and related policies. Some countries (notably in sub-Saharan Africa) have created new institutions to support rural electrification activities, while others have placed the responsibility for rural electrification within existing ministries or agencies. In several countries, financial institutions have been empowered to champion the development of the off-grid sector.
Although approaches differ according to country contexts, successful strategies share some traits, such as simplified and streamlined administrative procedures, clearly defined roles and responsibilities, and cooperation among diverse national and international institutions and agencies.
The Renewable Electricity supported development of 1100 megawatts of renewable electricity capacity to be connected to the Alberta grid system by 2021. The program was run through a series of competitions in 2017 and 2018 to incentivise the development of renewable electricity generation through the purchase of renewable attributes. Estimate of mitigation impact in 2020 and 2030 is included in Large Emitter Greenhouse Gas Regulations impacts.
The Jedlik Ányos Plan is the principal policy document for promoting e-mobility. The first version of the plan was published in 2015 and revised in 2019. The plan sets out objectives and measures up to 2030 in the following areas: the detailed design of the market model; recharging infrastructure development; support for electric vehicles; Government and municipal charging station installation and car fleet expansion; decarbonisation of public transport, electric bus and coach development; development of municipal energy production and smart grid solutions; development of national standards for local smart networks; exploiting the cost-cutting potential of charging energy; socialisation of electromobility.
The ecoENERGY for Renewable Power program was launched in April 2007 to encourage the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind, low-impact hydro, biomass, photovoltaic and geothermal energy. Although no new contribution agreements have been signed after March 31, 2011, projects with contribution agreements receive a one cent per kilowatt-hour (kWh) incentive for eligible production during their first ten years of operation. The program itself ended on March 31, 2021.
As of March 31, 2011, 104 projects qualified for funding under the program representing investments of about $1.4 billion over 14 years and almost 4500 megawatts of renewable power capacity.
A package of measures to reduce barriers to consumers and businesses choosing electric vehicles. This includes extending the exemption on road user charges for electric vehicles (EVs); a nationwide electric vehicle information and promotion campaign; and a contestable fund of up to NZ$7 million per year to encourage and support innovative low-emissions vehicle projects, including public EV charging infrastructure.
Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure expansion
In addition to upgrading aging facilities, Japan aim to install 150,000 units of charging infrastructure, including 10,000 quick chargers at service stations (SS) where existing infrastructure can be effectively used, and 30,000 quick chargers for public use, to achieve the same level of convenience as gasoline vehicles by 2030 at the latest. At this time, we will promote the spread of charging infrastructure, deregulation, and other measures to promote optimal placement and business feasibility, as well as the introduction of charging facilities in housing complexes, where their widespread use has been slow. In addition, with regard to refueling infrastructure, in anticipation of the widespread use of fuel cell vehicles, fuel cell buses, and fuel cell trucks, about 1,000 hydrogen stations will be constructed by 2030, taking into account human flow and logistics to achieve optimal
locations, and regulatory reform will be undertaken. Development of recharging facilities and hydrogen stations for commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks will be promoted, including recharging and refueling facilities exclusively for business premises. At the same time, will be done on technological development and the standardization of charging and recharging infrastructure equipment.
Electric Vehicle Common Charger Grant (ECCG)/ EV funding for charging infrastructure
LTA has launched the Electric Vehicle Common Charger Grant (ECCG) to encourage the installation of shared Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers in non-landed private residences (NLPRs), such as condominiums and private apartments.
The ECCG will co-fund installation costs of 2,000 EV chargers at NLPRs, as an early adoption incentive. As NLPRs form a significant proportion of residences in Singapore, improving charger provision and access is an important step towards improving the coverage of Singapore’s national EV charging network. At the 2021 Committee of Supply debates, the Government had announced a target to deploy 60,000 EV charging points by 2030, of which 20,000 will be in private premises such as NLPRs, and 40,000 in public carparks.
Applications for the ECCG open from 29 July 2021 and will be assessed on a first-come, first-served basis. The ECCG will be available until 31 December 2023, or until 2,000 chargers have been supported by co-funding, whichever is earlier.
Electrical Vehicles Charging Infrastructure Development: 2014-2020 EU Funds programming period
Development of electric vehicles (EV) charging infrastructure is supported by ERDF within the framework of the national Operational Programme "Growth and Employment", the Specific Objective 4.4.1. As a result single national level EV fast charging infrastructure coverage is ensured which promotes the development of EV market and increase of EVs in road transport.
Fuel cell vehicle deployment infrastructure and regulation
"Japan accelerates the spread of fuel cell vehicles and the systematic development of hydrogen stations. Among them, FC trucks in particular are expected to have a cumulative installation of up to 15 million units by 2050, amounting to about 300 trillion yen.
Currently, from the perspective of reducing the burden on businesses and users to expand the use of fuel cell vehicles, the government is studying the state of regulations for fuel cell vehicles, etc., with a view to unifying related regulations under the ""Road Vehicles Law"" and the ""High Pressure Gas Safety Law"", and will compile certain directions in June and reach a conclusion by the end of this year.
The government will also study measures to support the introduction of FC trucks as part of demonstrations to accelerate their commercialization and the promotion of electrification.
In addition, necessary infrastructure development such as hydrogen refueling stations will be implemented in a flexible and timely manner according to the situation. Specifically, in addition to development and demonstration of large hydrogen refueling stations, efforts for cost reduction such as consideration of the boost of hydrogen tank accepted in Europe will be continued by means of further regulatory reform and so on."
Government Policy Statement (GPS) on land transport
Emissions reduction is an ongoing strategic focus in GPS 2018. Through GPS 2018, nearly $4 billion will be invested in public transport, rapid transit and rail over three years, with a further $390 million for walking and cycling. Work on GPS 2021 is under way.
This is a Green Infrastructure program under the Investing in Canada Plan. The $200 million Emerging Renewable Power Program was launched in February 2018 to support the deployment of emerging renewable energy technologies and to expand the portfolio of commercially viable renewable energy sources available to provinces and territories as they work to reduce GHG emissions from their electricity sectors. The call for proposals launched on February 26, 2018 and closed on April 20, 2018. Four projects have since been announced; with $29.8 million funding for an instream tidal project in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, $25.6 million for a deep geothermal project near Estevan Saskatchewan, $15.3 million for a solar project near Suffield Alberta and $25.4 million for a deep geothermal project in the Municipal District of Greenview.
"Japan will continue to work on research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies for hydrogen use, transportation, and production, and conduct intensive demonstrations of hydrogen utilization in various fields, focusing on locations where hydrogen production facilities have already been established, such as Fukushima, as well as ports, waterfront areas, and airports, including power plants where large-scale hydrogen demand is expected.
Specifically, while utilizing the Green Innovation Fund, the project aims to establish a model for social implementation that will serve as a forerunner for the realization of a hydrogen society, by working on the integrated demonstration of hydrogen transportation technology for mass and low-cost hydrogen through the establishment of an international hydrogen supply chain and hydrogen power generation technology for which a large demand for hydrogen is expected in the future, as well as the development and demonstration of technology for reducing supply costs by increasing the size of water electrolyzer and utilizing the produced hydrogen as a raw material for basic chemicals.
We also aim to solve regional issues such as the creation of disaster-resistant communities through the demonstration, transition support, and dissemination of independent and decentralized energy systems that utilize local resources such as renewable energy will also be implemented.
At the same time, Carbon Neutrality in ports and waterfront areas will be realized by having multiple businesses use the large amount of imported hydrogen for a variety of purposes, including the introduction of stand-
alone hydrogen and other power sources that also serve as emergency power sources, and port cargo handling machinery that use fuel cells."
The measure monitors the general and specific objectives defined in the Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 - 2030) in the context of energy efficiency of rail, road, maritime, inland waterway and urban, suburban and regional transport (railway modernization, signaling system, renewal fund of locomotives, wagons, fleet of vessels, logistic integrated platforms, integrated public transport of passengers, etc.). Rail and generally multimodal infrastructure are lagging behind in comparison to highway infrastructure in terms of quality and connectivity. Investments are planned to develop a sustainable, integrated trans-European climate-resilient transport network. In maritime and inland waterway transport, the Republic of Croatia, in consultation with the other Member States, will analyze the feasibility of introducing appropriate mechanisms to ensure the transition to low carbon solutions, in particular with regard to the application of alternative energy sources for navigation. In this context, an action plan for shipping will be defined, which will define appropriate emission standards for the coming period. Also, in air transport, the Republic of Croatia will define a plan and elaborate detailed guidelines for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
The Low Emission Zone (LEZ) implies that the vehicles that do not respect the established thresholds (based on EURO standards) are banned. This measure has a significant influence on some pollutants affecting local air quality, but a rather limited impact on greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and climate change. http://www.lez.brussels/fr/content/la-lez. The Brussels NECP commits to modifications of the LEZ such as: strengthening control conditions, the introduction of a "pass" for light vehicles, reflexion over the creation of "zero emission zones".
Electric mobility is a key factor in ensuring the progressive replacement of fossil fuels in road transport for renewable electricity, contributing to an effective reduction of GHG emissions. It is therefore important to promote and support electric mobility by encouraging the introduction of electric vehicles and strengthening charging infrastructures.