The term plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) t ypically refers to battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) that are powered only by electric motors, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that can be plugged in or powered by an internal-combustion engine (ICE). Light-duty PEV While designs vary across different makes and models, the novel components of a BEV are the large, advanced battery and electric motor, while a PHEV also includes an ICE. For PEVs sold in 2020, the global average battery capacity was 55 kilowatt-hours (kWh) for BEVs, and 14 kWh for PHEVs, with considerable variation across makes and models. In North America and Europe, BEVs from 2020 have electric driving ranges as low as 175km to over 500km. PHEV ranges tend to vary from 25km to 75km electric or “charge-depleting” driving range, typically in addition to 500 to 800km of “charge-sustaining” driving range using the ICE. Charging for PEVs can be categorized by location and speed. The majority of charging events occur at home or work locations, which tend to be “slow” charging, categorized as charging power below 22 kilowatts (kW). Public charging includes both slow and “fast” charging that is 22 kW or above. Faster charging includes direct current (DC) fast chargers that operate at 50 kW to 250 kW and can recharge a BEV battery by 80% in about 15 to 45 minutes. Heavy-duty PEV This heavy-duty category can be broken down into a range of sub-categories, including passenger buses, medium_x0002_and heavy-duty freight trucks. One challenge for decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicles is that this sector may be more complicated and diverse than passenger vehicle. Specifically, there is a wider range of vehicle types, loads, and usage profiles, such as short-haul versus long-haul freight, and various vocational uses for trucks. Studies suggest that BEVs might be more appropriate for shorter distance vehicles, such as delivery trucks, garbage trucks, and short-haul freight, whereas fuel-cell electric vehicles might be better suited for long-haul trucks. The electric driving ranges vary as follows: • Buses vary from 50-650 km, being 290km average, • Heavy freight trucks vary from 100-700km, being 400km on average, and • Medium freight trucks vary from 100-450km, with 275km being the average.