Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are considered to be a type of zero-emission vehicles due to their lack of tailpipe emissions. Hydrogen is stored on-board, and then converted to electricity using the fuel-cell, which powers an electric motor. Light-duty FCEV Light-duty FCEV models in 2021 include the Honda Clarity, Toyota Mirai, and Hyundai Nexo, which have driving ranges around 500-700km and take several minutes to refuel. While most light-duty automakers are focused on PEVs, Toyota and Hyundai remain committed to FCEVs. FCEVs face several technology barriers in the light-duty market. Manufacturing costs and purchase prices remain high, with double the total cost of ownership compared to conventional ICE vehicles. These high costs are in part due to very low production volumes, and the high cost of hydrogen. A further challenge is that FCEVs cannot be refueled at home and thus rely on the deployment of hydrogen fueling stations, which in turn relies on the production of hydrogen. In 2020 there were about 540 hydrogen fueling stations globally, which is a 15% increase from the previous year. The vast majority of these stations are in Europe, Japan, China, the US, and Korea—with only a few in other countries. Heavy-duty FCEV Heavy-duty FCEVs are based the same principles as light-duty models and have similar needs for hydrogen production and refueling infrastructure. Some studies suggest that FCEVs might be better suited for heavy-duty applications, in part because FCEVs can store more energy for heavy_x0002_duty vehicles than BEVs. There are still substantial barriers to heavy-duty FCEV uptake. In particular, total cost of ownership for heavy-duty FCEVs is calculated to be triple compared to conventional ICE vehicles.