The technical paper focus is on the enabling environments created for the enhancement of technology transfer activities under Article 4.5 of the Convention and as defined in the aforementioned technology framework, as well as analyses provided in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer, the UNFCCC Technical Paper “Barriers and opportunities related to the transfer of technology” (FCCC/TP/1998/1), the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and numerous case studies. It also uses information generated from the ongoing work of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) relating to international technology transfer in general. Information from recent national communications from Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) and non-Annex I Parties have also been used