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Preemptive adaptation:

• Early warning system
• Developing policies and plans for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
• Raising awareness on climate change impact and adaptation

Contingency measures, e.g. through risk financing with regional risk pooling, insurance facilities and bonds, and through social protection measures, etc.:

• Government’s compensation policies for disaster victims (Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation)
• Crop Insurance for Farmers (Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives)

Addressing losses through disaster relief funds, credit facilities etc.:

• The National Catastrophe Insurance Fund (NCIF) has been established to manage the risk by insuring, reinsuring and giving financial support to the loss insurers.

Disaster risk reduction focused strategies and measures through activities under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, contingency and trust funds, disaster legislation, etc.:

• National disaster Risk Management Plan (A.D. 2015)

No.

5.1 Collection and management of data and information

• Establishment of a baseline on non-economic and social loss and damage, as well as regarding culture, territory, indigenous knowledge systems, ecosystem services.
• Development of databases and information services to support risk profiling and risk assessment of a variety of timeframes by different actors and stakeholders in their decision-processes.
• Setting up a registry/Mapping of at-risk populations to assess sea level rise induced relocation costs for coastal communities.

Analyses of data and information (including climate change projections, impact analyses, hazard mapping, etc):

• Development of local to national climate change scenarios and production of projections of climate risk.
• Conduct of pilot loss and damage assessments for certain key agricultural commodities which are vulnerable to climate change, such as rice, aquaculture, and fruits.
• Construction of multivariate impacts and loss databases to support assessments and reporting including through the use of bigdata methods.
• Design of shared database systems to support different ministries and other stakeholders in the country including data collection, storage and sharing protocols and policies.
• Quantitative assessment of risk for important systems to inform decision-making, in particular, selection of risk management approaches.
• Costing of impacts in the present as well as for projected impacts for use in costs-benefit analyses to appraise options.
• Methods for automated and semi-automated inventorying of infrastructure and assets such as involving geospatial technologies and artificial intelligence.
• Estimation and outreach on future climate change risks to inform investor decisions.
• Development of standardized set of risk assessment guidelines for community/subnational level to prepare and maintain inventories of at-risk assets.
• National-scale site characterization to support hazard mapping, zoning and other land use planning.

Design and implementation of projects on Loss and Damage:

• Setting up cross-ministerial/sectoral coordination mechanism for the dissemination and linking warnings with early action, and the deployment of emergency assistance for communities.
• Linking national systematic observations and monitoring to regional and global efforts (for relevant variables, hazards and systems).
• Development of protocols (legal, social, financial, institutional) for relocation to ensure effective buy-in of all stakeholders.
• Development of alternative livelihood programs, livelihood transformation programs, and vocational training for coastal communities and other at-risk population groups.
• Development of infrastructure and plans for relocation/resettlement of households and communities from frequently affected areas.
• Design of proposals and access to financing for climate information services and early warning systems under the GCF and other funding channels.
• Development of funding proposals related to the strategic workstreams of the five-year rolling workplan of the Executive Committee.
• Optimal design of sustainable public works (drainage, transportation and other critical and protective infrastructure).
• Optimizing land use based on available resources (e.g. water resources, energy, etc).
• Optimizing financing between different measures to address risk comprehensively/trade-off analyses in deciding on balance between investment in preemptive measures and measures to address residual risk.
• Protection of cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.
• Sustainable landscape management including nature-based solutions.

Financial instruments (such as insurance, risk pooling, contingency funds, etc):

• Design of combinations of appropriate risk finance tools and instruments applicable to a specific country context and vulnerable groups.
• Development and deployment of forecast-based finance instruments to minimize potential losses to productive systems.
• Design and financing of social protection measures.
• Development of different insurance mechanisms.
• Design of national trust/contingency/recovery funds.
• Development of national finance instruments (bonds, etc).
• Development of regional finance instruments (regional risk facilities, etc).
• Development of legal instruments to manage planned migration.
• Development of curriculum on various relevant aspects of climate change and loss and damage.