Description of the model

The AIM (Asia Pacific Integrated Model) is an integrated assessment model made up of three modules:

1. the greenhouse gas emission model (AIM/emission);
2. the global climate change model (AIM/climate);
3. the climate change impact model (AIM/impact).

The third of these makes the model relevant to assessing the response measures. However, the model also contains a very detailed technology selection module to evaluate the effect of introducing advanced technologies in the Asia-Pacific region.

Particular relevance

The AIM model is particularly useful when analyzing the development and diffusion of new 'greener' technologies in the Asia-Pacific region.

Geographical coverage

Asia-Pacific

Model applications

AIM publications - The list includes journal articles, books and pamphlets.  (http://www-iam.nies.go.jp/aim/reports.htm)

Climate policy assessment - This book contains a series of climate change mitigation policy assessments done using the AIM model (http://www-iam.nies.go.jp/aim/book/clim_pol_assess.htm).

Organization's main area of research

Environment protection.

Other projects / research

 n/a

Description of the model

ASF is an integrated assessment model, which provides a framework for developing scenarios of future emissions based on consistent demographic, economic, and technological assumptions. Its strength is in its links between the use of biofuels, land use, technological development and GHG policy. It is therefore an appropriate tool for evaluating the land-use impacts of response measures.

Particular relevance

The ASF model is used for analysing the development of clean technology in areas that are not related to energy generation, such as land use. These areas are often less well covered by other models, making it an important tool.

Geographical coverage

World, split into nine regions

Model applications

IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios was prepared  for the Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, on future emission scenarios to be used for driving global circulation models to develop climate change scenarios. 

ASF was used to develop the standard IPCC emission scenarios in 1990, in conjunction with the IMAGE model, and in 1992 (http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/  - click on 'Emission Scenarios' and choose Appendix 4).

Organization's main area of research

Develop and enforce environmental regulations and study of environmental issues.

Other projects / research

Economic analyses results (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/economics/economicanalyses.html)

Description of the model

The econometric E3ME model has been built as a framework for assessing energy-environment-economy issues and policies. Its close links between energy demand and economic indicators make it well-suited to assessing the social and economic impacts of response measures. In particular, additional taxes or the removal of subsidies can be assessed with the model. E3ME can also be used to examine the impacts of efficiency measures, including rebound effects.

1. In the past the model has mainly been used for:
2. general macro and sectoral-economic analysis;
3. more focused analysis of policies relating to greenhouse gas mitigation;
4. assessing incentives for industrial energy efficiency; analyzing sustainable household consumption – for example to assess impacts of raw material taxation on household consumption patterns and other economic variables.

Particular relevance

E3ME is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of the climate change mitigation policies, for example the effect these policies have on specific industries or on income distribution. E3ME can be particularly useful in analyzing changes to policies regarding taxation, subsidies and efficiency improvements of activities relating to fossil fuels.

Geographical coverage

EU 27, Norway and Switzerland

Model applications

COMETR assessed the economic and environmental impacts of European environmental tax reforms carried out in the 1990s. E3ME was used to examine both the short and long-term effects of these reforms, with particular emphasis on competitiveness. (http://www2.dmu.dk/cometr/).

The CLIMACAP project provided improved modelling capacity and policy formulation to support the development and implementation of low carbon development strategies in Latin America. The project integrated model improvement, capacity building and policy strategy support into a single coherent process.

Other E3ME projects (http://www.camecon.com/EnergyEnvironment/EnergyEnvironmentEurope/ModellingCapability/E3ME/Projects.aspx).

E3ME publications (http://www.camecon.com/EnergyEnvironment/EnergyEnvironmentEurope/ModellingCapability/E3ME/publications.aspx).

Organization's main area of research

n/a.

Other projects / research

E3ME Asia - The main outcome of this project is the book E3 Modelling for a Sustainable Low Carbon Economy in East Asia, which will be published in 2015. For this purpose, a previous version of the E3ME model is expanded to provide detailed coverage of China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

Name of the organization
Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR)

Description of the model

E3MG is a sectoral econometric model that has been developed with the intention of analysing long-term energy and environment interactions within the global economy and assessing short and long-term impacts of climate-change policy.

It is very similar to E3ME in structure and closely links economic outcomes with energy policy. It has a particular focus on taxes and subsidies, making it highly relevant to analysis of these response measures. Its global nature also makes it a useful tool for assessing the deployment of new technologies in developing countries.

Particular relevance

E3MG is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impact of climate change mitigation policies on a global level. It is particularly useful in analysing the effects of changes in tax and subsidy policies, as well as analysing technological diffusion in developing countries.

Geographical coverage

World divided in 20 regions

Model applications

ADAM assessed the trade-offs and conflicts that exist between adaptation and mitigation policies.  As part of the project, E3MG was used to assess the effects of EU climate policies on competitiveness, and growth, allowing for different levels of unemployment in different world regions.  (http://adamproject.info/index.php/Workpackages/Work-Package-M2.html).

Organization's main area of research

To develop strategies, policies and processes that are effective in mitigating human-induced climate change.

Other projects / research

Publications (http://www.landecon.cam.ac.uk/research/eeprg/4cmr/publications/journal08-09.htm)

Name of the organization
Department of Public Administration, Center for Environmental Policy Administration, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University

Description of the model

ENTICE-BR is a dynamic growth model of the global economy that includes links between economic activity, carbon emissions, and the climate. The model includes endogenous links between climate policy and energy innovation, making it an appropriate tool for modelling both technological options and economic impacts.

ENTICE-BR is mainly used for: 1) analyzing the impacts of R&D spending in the energy sector (in particular climate-friendly); and 2) studying the effects of various climate stabilization policies.

Particular relevance

ENTICE-BR is highly relevant to assessing methods for improving energy efficiency and the development and diffusion of new technologies. The model can also be used for assessing the economic effects of such policy.

Geographical coverage

World

Model applications

R&D Subsidies and Climate Policy: Is There a 'Free Lunch'? - Using the ENTICE model, the author analyses the effectiveness of  climate-friendly R&D subsidies, both with and without other climate policies, such as a carbon tax (http://www.springerlink.com/content/534343522n478871/).

Organization's main area of research

Environmental economics, economics of technological change, public finance.

Other projects / research

Research, including applications of ENTICE-BR (http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/dcpopp/research.html)

Description of the model

ENV-Linkages is the successor to the OECD GREEN model and is now hosted by the OECD Environment Directorate. The modelling work based on ENV-Linkages aims to assist governments in identifying least-cost policies or policy mixes on a range of environmental issues, including mitigation of climate change, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and other green growth policies, such as environmental tax reform.

Particular relevance

Currently, the main environmental-economic modelling work of the OECD relies on ENV-Linkages, a recursive dynamic neo-classical computable general equilibrium model (CGE).

Geographical coverage

OECD countries

Description of the model

The FAIR model is an interactive, decision-support tool to analyse the environmental implications and economic costs of climate mitigation regimes.

The model links long-term climate targets and global reduction objectives with regional emissions allowances and abatement costs, so is particularly useful for looking at some of the more detailed Kyoto mechanisms.

Particular relevance

FAIR is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impact of climate change mitigation policies. In particular, the model is useful in assessing the costs of such policies.

Geographical coverage

26 world regions (FAIR region model), 27 EU Member States (FAIR EU model) and 224 UN countries (FAIR world model)

Model applications

Exploring comparable post-2012 reduction efforts for Annex I countries - Using FAIR, this study analyses the possible approaches to greenhouse gas abatement by industrialised (Annex I) countries, to calculate their comparability (http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Exploring-comparable-post-2012-reduction-efforts-for-Annex-I-countries.html).

A multi-gas abatement analysis of the Kyoto Protocol - FAIR is used to analyse the economic costs of the Kyoto Protocol,  based on a multi-gas approach, accounting for all six Kyoto gases (http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2005/A_multi-gas_abatement_analysis_of_the_Kyoto_Protocol.html).

Other FAIR publications, including policy applications (http://www.mnp.nl/en/themasites/fair/publications/index.html).

Organization's main area of research

Policy analysis in the field of environment, nature and spatial planning.

Other projects / reseach PBL publications

(http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/index.html)

Description of the model

FUND is an integrated assessment model originally set-up to study the role of international capital transfers in climate policy. The model is now often used to perform cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of greenhouse gas emission reduction policies.

It is therefore most suitable for analysing the social and economic impacts of the various response measures, with a particular focus on equity, both between countries and between socio-economic groups.

Particular relevance

FUND is relevant in analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, with particular focus on estimating the 'costs' of these policies. This makes the model particularly useful when looking at international equity issues.

Geographical coverage

World

Model applications

The Double Trade-off between Adaptation and Mitigation for Sea Level Rise: An Application of FUND - This paper studies the economic effects of adaptation and mitigation on the impacts of sea level rise.  FUND was used to generate scenarios of climate change and sea level rise. In ( http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/tol/RM2373.pdf).

Discounting and the Social Cost of Carbon: A Closer Look at Uncertainty- This paper examines the economic impacts of employing a declining discount rate on the social cost of carbon (the marginal social damage from a ton of emitted carbon). Six declining discounting schemes are implemented in the FUND 2.8 integrated assessment model ( http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/models-data/fund/espmargcost.pdf).

Emission Abatement versus Development as Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability to Climate Change: An Application of FUND -  Using FUND the author analyses whether poorer countries are generally believed to be more vulnerable to climate change than richer countries because poorer countries are more exposed and have less adaptive capacity. ( http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/working-papers/develop.pdf).

Organization's main area of research

Multi-disciplinary research and education on human-induced environmental change that is either global in nature or pervasive across the world.

Other projects / research

ATLANTIS - The project investigates the implications of a 5-6 metres sea level rise, due to a collapse of the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet, on the Rhone Delta, the Netherlands, and the Thames Estuary. This is one of the first studies to assess the societal consequences of impacts and adaptation to “imaginable worst case” climate change scenarios (http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/ATLANTIS.5701.0.html?&L=3).

CIRCE - The project aims at developing an assessment of the climate change impacts in the Mediterranean area (http://www.circeproject.eu/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1).

CCTAME -  The project concentrates on assessing the impacts of agricultural, climate, energy, forestry and other associated land-use policies considering the resulting feed-backs on the climate system in the European Union(http://www.cctame.eu/).

Other projects  (http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/Projects.5669.0.html?&L=3)

Publications (http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/Publications.5670.0.html?&L=3)

Description of the model

The G-Cubed is a multi-country, multi-sector, general equilibrium model that can be used to study a variety of policies in the areas of environmental regulation, tax reform, monetary and fiscal policy and international trade. It is different from most other models in discriminating between financial and physical capital.

The model is therefore a suitable tool for looking at the economic impacts of a range of response measures, including tax systems, technological development and economic diversification. It has also been applied to financial risk management in the UK.

Particular relevance

The G-Cubed model is relevant in analyzing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, as it has a wide range of both fiscal and monetary polices that can be studied. These make it a suitable tool for carrying out financial risk management analysis and the model can also be used to analyze trade flows, sectoral (diversification) impacts and the effects of technological progress

Geographical coverage

World, split into 8 regions

Model applications

Estimates of the Costs of Kyoto-Marrakesh Versus The McKibbin-Wilcoxen Blueprint - In this paper the authors  estimate of the socio-economic cost of the Kyoto Protocol using the G-Cubed model, taking into account sink allowances and allowing for multiple gases and new land clearing estimates ( http://een.anu.edu.au/download_files/een0305.pdf).

Financial Risk Management - this study carried out an assessment of the global financial and insurance industries to assess and manage the risks posed by climate change (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/climatechange_warwickbusinessschool.pdf) .

G-CUBED working papers (http://msgpl.com.au/papersG3pub.htm)

Organization's main area of research

Economics and public administration

Other projects / reseach

n/a.

Description of the model

GEM-CCGT is a general equilibrium model designed for analysing the effects of multilateral agreements on climate change and trade. It is similar in structure to the PACE model and can be used in the same way to assess the impacts of response measures. Its main outputs in such analysis would be changes in economic activity and example policies are changes in rates of taxation or energy-efficiency measures.

Particular relevance

GEM-CCGT is relevant in analysing the trade impacts of climate change mitigation policies, in particular technology-related policies and the effects of environmental taxation.

Geographical coverage

World, split into 45 regions

Description of the model

The GEM-E3 model was designed to provide details on the macro-economy and its interactions with the environment and the energy system. It is a general equilibrium model, meaning it computes the equilibrium prices of goods, services, labour, and capital that simultaneously clear all markets.

The model is mainly used for:

1. simulating the effects of market-based instruments (such as taxes) for energy-related environmental policy on key economic and environmental indicators;
2. evaluating European Commission programmes aimed at promoting sustainable economic growth; and
3. public finance, stabilization policies and their implications on trade, growth and the behaviour of economic agents.

Particular relevance

GEM-E3 is particularly relevant in analyzing the socio-economic and environmental impacts of changes in energy-related tax and subsidy policies.

Geographical coverage

24 European countries in GEM-E3 Europe, 20 World regions in GEM-E3 World

Model applications

ExternE - The purpose of this project is to analyse environmental damage costs (mainly impacts on health, crops and buildings), giving an economic valuation.  GEM-E3 was used to analyse energy externalities. (http://www.externe.info/).

ExternE - The purpose of this project is to analyse environmental damage costs (mainly impacts on health, crops and buildings), giving an economic valuation.  GEM-E3 was used to analyse energy externalities. (http://www.externe.info/).

Climate change policy in European countries and its effects on industry - GEM-E3 is used to assess the effect of different climate change policies on industrial activity per sector and per member country in the EU ( http://www.gem-e3.net/download/Mitigation_adaptationGC_Stef_Proost.pdf).

GEM-E3 Publications (http://www.gem-e3.net/studies.htm)

Organization's main area of research

Econometrics, energy, transport and environment, monetary and information economics.

Other projects / research

CES Publications (http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/eng/ew/publications.htm)

Description of the model

GEMINI-E3 has been specifically designed to assess world climate change policies, in particular the effects of the Kyoto Protocol, both at the microeconomic and the macroeconomic levels. It is a multi-country, multi-sector, dynamic model incorporating a highly detailed representation of indirect taxation.

The current version of the model is capable of assessing intra-European and domestic policies such as the directive on quotas, project of directive "energy-climate" and the determination of carbon value. A new version, GEMINI-EMU, has been developed specifically aimed at assessing intra-European macroeconomic policies but also relevant for climate change scenarios appraisal.

Particular relevance

GEMINI-E3 is relevant in analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies (focusing on the Kyoto Protocol), including taxation and emissions trading.

Geographical coverage

All Annex B countries and 11 non-Annex B countries

Model applications

ExternE - The purpose of this project is to analyse environmental damage costs (mainly impacts on health, crops and buildings), giving an economic valuation.  GEM-E3 was used to analyse energy externalities. (http://www.externe.info/).

ExternE - The purpose of this project is to analyse environmental damage costs (mainly impacts on health, crops and buildings), giving an economic valuation.  GEM-E3 was used to analyse energy externalities. (http://www.externe.info/).

Climate change policy in European countries and its effects on industry - GEM-E3 is used to assess the effect of different climate change policies on industrial activity per sector and per member country in the EU
( http://www.gem-e3.net/download/Mitigation_adaptationGC_Stef_Proost.pdf).

GEM-E3 Publications (http://www.gem-e3.net/studies.htm)

Organization's main area of research

Econometrics, energy, transport and environment, monetary and information economics.

Other projects / research

CES Publications (http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/eng/ew/publications.htm)

Description of the model

The Global INterindustry FORecasting System (GINFORS) is an economy-energy-environment model with global coverage and a detailed sectoral disaggregation. Through its integrated treatment of the environment, energy demand and the economy it is well-suited to assessing the impacts of environmental policy. In particular, it has been used to look at the impacts of changes in taxation policy and changes in sectoral efficiencies.

Particular relevance

The GINFORS model is relevant in analysing the trade and long-term energy demand and supply impacts of climate change mitigation policies. The model has specifically been used to assess the impacts of environmental taxation

Geographical coverage

All EU27 countries, all OECD countries and their major trade partners

Description of the model

GTEM is a dynamic multi-region, multi-sector general equilibrium model of the world economy. The model can be used to analyse all key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, including carbon sinks, the clean development mechanism, and international emissions trading, including the banking of emissions quota and market power. It can therefore be used for assessing the economic impacts of tax and emission trading schemes and diversification among economic sectors.

Particular relevance

The GTEM model is relevant in analysing the international socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies (focusing on the Kyoto Protocol), including taxes and emission trading.

Geographical coverage

World, split into 66 regions

Description of the model

ICLIPS seeks to provide Integrated Assessment of Climate Protection Strategies to support the decision-making community. The model assesses the social and economic consequences of climate-change policies. It consists of three modules looking at climate effects, the impacts of these effects and the socio-economic outcomes.

The basis for the model is the two-way linkages between society and the climate, making it an appropriate tool for assessing the economic, social and environmental impacts of response measures.

Particular relevance

ICLIPS is particularly useful in investigating methods of economic diversification in various world regions, as well as the assessment of the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies.

Geographical coverage

World

Description of the model

The IGSM model is relevant in analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, in particular taxation policy and policies related to technology development. The model can also be particularly useful for analysing international trade flows.

Particular relevance

The IGSM model is relevant in analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, in particular taxation policy and policies related to technology development. The model can also be particularly useful for analysing international trade flows.

Geographical coverage

World

Description of the model

IMACLIM-S is a static general equilibrium model designed to assess the macroeconomic impacts of a price- or quantity-based carbon policy. It is therefore particularly suitable for modelling the economic impacts of changes to tax regimes and emissions trading. However, using abatement costs the model can also be used for assessing the impacts of regulatory changes or emission standards.

IMACLIM-R is a dynamic version of the model that is more focused on technological change. It is therefore also appropriate for looking at long-term technological solutions to climate change.

Particular relevance

The IMACLIM model has been used for analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, for example changes to taxes and subsidies. The model can also be useful in analysing international trade flows.

Geographical coverage

World, 14 region split for the static version and 12 region split for the dynamic one.

Description of the model

IMAGE is a multi-disciplinary, integrated system of models designed to simulate the dynamics of the global society-biosphere-atmosphere system. Its particular strength is that it can assess the social and economic impacts of policies aimed at reducing emissions from land-use change.

The model can forecast up to 2100 and has a spatial scale grid of 0.5 x 0.5 degrees latitude-longitude for climate, land-use and land-cover processes, and region-level split for socio-economic indicators.

The model is mainly used to:

1. investigate linkages and feedbacks in the global society-biosphere-atmosphere system;
2. assess consequences of global policies;
3. analyze relative effectiveness of various policy options addressing global change.

Particular relevance

The IMAGE model is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of the climate change mitigation policies, in particular the impacts on the agricultural economy, land use and trade, as well as energy demand and supply.

Geographical coverage

World, divided into 26 regions

Description of the model

MDM-E3 is the UK's most detailed econometric energy-environment-economy (E3) model, designed to analyse and forecast changes in economic structure, energy demand and resulting environmental emissions. It is very similar to E3ME in structure, and its close links between energy demand and economic indicators make it well-suited to assessing the economic impacts of response measures.

In particular, additional taxes or the removal of subsidies can be assessed with the model in the UK. MDM-E3 can also be used to examine the impacts of efficiency measures, including rebound effects.

Particular relevance

MDM-E3 is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of the climate change mitigation policies in the UK. MDM-E3 can be particularly useful in analysing changes to policies regarding taxation, subsidies and efficiency improvements of activities relating to fossil fuels

Geographical coverage

World, divided into 26 regions

Description of the model

MERGE was designed to estimate the regional and global economic impacts of greenhouse gas reductions. The model is sufficiently to flexible to explore alternative views on a wide range of issues, such as: costs of abatement, damages from climate change, valuation and discounting. MERGE is made up of four submodels:

1. domestic and international economy;
2. energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases;
3. non-energy emissions of GHG's;
4. global climate change – market and non-market damages.

Particular relevance

The model is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of the climate change mitigation policies. In particular, this model can be used to estimate the economic cost and benefits of such policies.

Geographical coverage

Europe

Description of the model

MERLIN is a cost-benefit-analysis computer-based model system that can be used to determine the bundle of air pollution control measures that is capable of achieving compliance with air quality limit and target values (for emission, concentrations and deposition) for specific pollutants at least-costs.

Furthermore, the model can be used to calculate benefits, i.e. avoided damage costs by implementing air pollution control measures, first in a physical way, and in a second step - as far as possible - in monetary terms. In addition, macroeconomic effects and distributional impacts of pollution control strategies can be determined.

Particular relevance

The model is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of the climate change mitigation policies. In particular, this model can be used to estimate the economic cost and benefits of such policies.

Geographical coverage

Europe

Description of the model

GCAM is an integrated assessment model that focuses on the world's energy and agriculture systems and includes numerous energy supply technologies.

The model is mainly used for:

1. estimating the impacts of technologies and policies related to GHG emissions in a national and global context;
2. evaluating different technologies, including carbon sequestration;
3. land-use/ agriculture modelling;
4. basic climate change modelling.

Particular relevance

GCAM is relevant to analyzing the development of new environmentally-friendly technologies, as well as evaluating the performance of existing conventional ones. The model can also be useful when looking at the diffusion of technology across global regions.

Geographical coverage

World, split in 14 regions

Description of the model

The Multi-Sector Multi-Region Trade (MS-MRT) model is a computable general equilibrium model designed to address questions about the economic and trade impacts of climate change policies. It's sectoral disaggregation makes it a suitable tool for considering diversification away from fuel-consuming and producing sectors.

Particular relevance

The MS-MRT model is relevant in analyzing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, with a focus on sectoral and trade-related impacts. MS-MRT could also be useful for analyzing economic diversification.

Geographical coverage

World, split into 7 regions

Description of the model

NEMESIS is a multi-country macro-sectoral econometric model which can be used for assessment of structural policies, mainly environmental and R&D policies. It closely links energy and environmental policy to economic outcomes, making it a suitable tool for analysis of the response measures. In particular it can be used to model the impacts of additional taxes on emissions or energy use.

The model has mainly been used for:

1. assessment of short and medium term consequences of energy and environmental (air pollution) policies, R&D, technology-related and economic policies on EU economies and on the state of the environment;
2. forecasting baseline scenarios for 30 years' time, including sustainable development scenarios.

Particular relevance

NEMESIS is relevant in analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, and in particular technology related policies and taxation schemes.

Geographical coverage

EU27, USA, Japan

Description of the model

PACE is a flexible system of general equilibrium models, integrating the economy, energy, and environment dimensions. The model has a standard multi-sector, multi-region core made up of global trade and energy use, which was designated to assess major policy initiatives in a world that is increasingly integrated through trade. Its main strength is its ability to assess the long-term economic and social impacts of environmental policy, particularly policy relating to shifts in taxation or subsidies and energy efficiency.

The model is mainly used for:

1. economic analysis of energy and environmental policy initiatives;
2. problem-specific investigation of trade, tax, and labour market policies without a focus on energy or environmental markets.

Particular relevance

The PACE model is used for analysing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, especially those that focus on technology. The model can also be used for analysis of energy taxes and subsidies.

Geographical coverage

12 World regions

Description of the model

PANTA RHEI provides a detailed treatment of Germany's economy, linked to energy use and atmospheric emissions. The model is suitable for assessing changes in taxation policy and sectoral efficiency and has a detailed sectoral disaggregation.

The model is mainly used for:

1. analysis of long-term changes in energy demand and supply and in an economy;
2. estimating the impact of different climate policy instruments
3. forecast of energy emissions .

Particular relevance

PANTA-RHEI is relevant in analysing the economic and trade impacts of mitigation policy in Germany. The model's detail makes it suitable for looking at energy-efficiency policy and tax/subsidy schemes.

Geographical coverage

Germany

Description of the model

Particular relevance

Geographical coverage

Description of the model

SGM is a computable general equilibrium model with emphasis on demographics, resources, agriculture, energy supply and transformation, energy intense industries, household consumption, and government expenditure. The model is used to project energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions but its main relevance is its use in evaluating the economic impacts of climate change policies and the use of technologies for emissions mitigation.

Particular relevance

The SGM model is relevant in assessing the socio-economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies, with a specific focus on resources, agriculture and energy-intensive industries.

Geographical coverage

World, split in 13 regions

Description of the model

TIAM (TIMES Integrated Assessment Model) comprises several thousand technologies in all sectors of the energy system. It is therefore most relevant to assessing the possibilities for technological solutions to reducing emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. This includes policy aimed at stimulating the development of new technologies and creating the conditions for the adoption of these technologies.

The model is characterized by several technical and economic parameters and by emission coefficients for the three main GHG’s: CO2, CH4, and N2O.

The following mitigation options are available in the model:

1. energy and technology substitution;
2. demand reduction;
3. specific CH4 and N2O options;
4. biological absorption of CO2;
5. capture (electricity and hydrogen) and sequestration of CO2 (CCS).

Outputs from the model include the rate of adoption of new technologies and subsequent emission levels.

Particular relevance

The model is relevant to investigating the development of new 'greener' energy technologies and looking at the conditions for the adoption of these technologies.

Geographical coverage

World, split into 15 regions