Sustainable crop management is one of the pillars of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). There is a wide range of crop production practices that can be considered as ‘climate-smart’ either from an adaptation perspective, or for their mitigation potential, which range from soild and water management to agroforestry practices. To cope with the challenges of climate change, crop production must adapt (e.g. crop varietal selection, plant breeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem management approaches) and become resilient to changes (frequency and intensity). Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change, for example by reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, avoiding soil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. in paddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. planting perennial crops and grass species).