Carbon capture, utilisation and storage, or CCUS, is an important emissions reduction technology that can be applied across the energy system. It refers to a suite of technologies that can play an important and diverse role in meeting global energy and climate goals.CCS involves three major steps: Capture: The separation of CO2 from other gases produced at large industrial process facilities such as coal and natural-gas-fired power plants, steel mills, cement plants and refineries. The CO2 can also be captured directly from the atmosphere via Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology. Transport: If not being used on-site, the captured CO2 is compressed and transported via pipelines, trucks, ships or other methods by pipeline, ship, rail or truck to a suitable site for geological storage or utlisation. Storage/Utilisation: CO2 is injected into deep underground rock formations, usually at depths of one kilometre or more. Alternatively, the CO2 is used as a resource to create valuable products or services. CCUS technologies also provide the foundation for carbon removal or "negative emissions" when the CO2 comes from bio-based processes or directly from the atmosphere. The captured CO2 is used primarily to produce fertilisers and for enhanced oil recovery. Other commercial uses of CO2 include food and beverage production, cooling, water treatment and greenhouses. New CO2 use pathways include: fuels (using carbon in CO2 to convert hydrogen into a synthetic hydrocarbon fuel); chemicals (using carbon in CO2 as an alternative to fossil fuels in the production of some chemicals); and building materials (using CO2 in the production of building materials to replace water in concrete or as a raw material in its constituents.)