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Rapid-onset and Slow-onset events (e.g., Sea-level rise)
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Improved early warning systems and end-user/last-mile information delivery
Arrange warning and information delivery system to reach individuals in impacted areas. Meteorological agency capacity to predict and release warnings through television, radio, social media is not sufficient to reach impacted areas.
Capacity building and awareness campaigns for local governments and communities
Assist with development of climate literacy and awareness campaign to ensure local governments and communities are aware and able to perceive the consequences of rapid-onset events.
Dispersing understanding of loss and damage and responses
Assist with and invest in ensuring scientific knowledge, early warning systems, etc. are shared down to the community level, and that local knowledge and experience informs responses and resilience activities. This includes greater collaboration between the scientific community, national, local governments, and populations, translation of systems into local languages, end-to-end communication, etc. Terminology such as Anticipatory Action, DRR, Loss and Damage, etc. must move forward with clear understanding of different terms and how they connect.
Non-economic loss assessments
Technically assist with developing methodologies, tools, and other resources for assessing non-economic losses and integrating them into the planning process.
Risk transfer mechanisms
Develop risk transfer mechanisms, such as agriculture crop insurance for farmers as rapid onset events could suddenly damage assets (e.g., crops). Conduct research to determine thresholds and climate risk indices. Build capacity for farmers and relevant financial institutions to provide access to insurance and other financing schemes.
Capacity to identify emerging hazards
Develop capacity to identify potential/emerging hazards, understanding the risk profile and potential impact, developing a comprehensive risk management framework, including in identifying potential residual risks and coping mechanisms. Initiate/facilitate regional cooperation, as necessary.
Loss of livelihoods
Support capacity building for livelihood diversification and transition process towards just and resilient recovery to alleviate and rehabilitate traumatic condition of victims.
Mobilization of alternative funds
Facilitate alternative funds for recovery and rehabilitation, such as debt relief and debt for nature, due to increased frequency of disasters and burdening of national and sub-national budgets.
Synchronize adaptation, arrangements, and disaster risk reduction
Support the synchronization of climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction due to their convergence, identifying gaps and opportunities, which can be the initial basis for formulating loss and damage governance. Technically assist with institutional arrangements, policy development, and action to include disasters caused by slow onset events into comprehensive disaster risk management at national and local levels.
Develop empirical data, analysis, and evidence for slow onset events
Assess the economic and non-economic losses due to slow onset events, especially those with irreversible impacts. Improve monitoring instruments/systems, including technology and methodology. Identify slow onset events at an early stage; this technical assistance should be made available to local communities, the government, and relevant financial institutions, particularly on how to finance the impacts (when the events occur, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction). Additional context: Indonesia is currently facing significant challenges with its SOE, including sea-level rise and permanent inundation which lead to territorial loss and subsequent economic and non-economic impacts (such as social-cultural, livelihood, infrastructure, and sovereignty); permanent ecosystem degradation (such as coral bleaching leading to changing fish breeding patterns and affecting the coastal community’s economy, and peatland wildfires).
Spatial planning, relocation, land recovery considerations
Improve assessments for projected areas that will be severely impacted by coastal inundation and other similar phenomena, including developing sea-level rise projections under different scenarios to prepare for relocation. Develop a national policy framework, guidance, and code of conduct for planned internal relocation (managed retreat), including financing mechanisms. Mobilize investment and support to address land recovery issues. Provide access to financial support and facilitate resource mobilization to support the implementation of such schemes. Additional context: Spatial plans that account for climate change are challenging to produce without climate projections for districts and cities, especially sea-level rise projections for districts and cities in coastal areas. Some communities facing repeated and prolonged coastal inundation, such as those on the north coast of Central Java, hope to be relocated to safer settlements not far from the coast. However, relocation is often delayed and hampered by the absence of a medium and long-term perspective in addressing this coastal inundation phenomenon, the difficulty in providing suitable land, and the inability to apply a disaster relocation scheme in this context. Additionally, aspects of social and economic rehabilitation also pose an inseparable challenge that needs to be addressed in the relocation process.
Innovative schemes and disaster management compatible with SOEs
Develop capacity and technically assist to explore innovative schemes that can facilitate timely disbursement, especially for post-needs (addressing the mechanism). Address the continuum needs from response toward resilient recovery, as well as ongoing needs for the slow onset event characteristic (the permanent and irreversible characteristic of SOE). Review existing financial tools and mechanisms across climate, DRR, at global and regional levels to understand opportunities to fund loss and damage, as well as gaps and avoid duplication. Develop a programmatic approach to addressing the slow onset event. Develop innovative financing schemes that are fit-for-purpose with the specific nature of SOE and will noy put additional burden on affected developing countries, including improving adaptive social protection schemes, which should be strengthened to be more shock-responsive and could focus on specific areas, budgetary support, fiscal space through debt relief, etc. Develop a mechanism that deals with potential uninsurable impacts of climate change in the context of addressing loss & damage. Provide access to financial support and facilitate resource mobilization to support the implementation of such schemes. Additional context: The existing disaster financing scheme is not compatible with the characteristics of a slow onset event, where there is no specific trigger to activate the disaster management cycle, and there are long-term needs resulting from the impact.
Natural resources and ecosystem degradation
Assist with analyzing and profiling the climate impact on natural resources, as well as the loss and damage. Improve environmental management policies, including conservation, implementation of gene banks, and natural resource moratoriums. Develop a framework for a nature-based/ecosystem-based adaptation approach. Additional context: Indonesia is known for its forests and archipelago. However, permanent ecosystem degradation, such as coral bleaching and peatland wildfires, has caused significant impact and loss.
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