Improvements in appliance efficiency and falling electricity carbon intensity play an important role in restraining emissions growth. Appliances and equipment covered in this section include main electricity plug-in loads, such as refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, dryers, and televisions, as well as other consumer electronics and small miscellaneous appliances. Appliances and equipment used for heating, cooking, cooling and lighting are treated separately. In addition to the technological improvement of appliances, other strategies include e.g.: - Connecting appliances such as dishwashers and tumble dryers to heat pumps to reduce energy consumption. - Time-of-use control of some of the major appliances could be used as distributed resources to help manage the electricity grid and reduce the need for back-up generators, using smart metres and energy management systems. - Mandatory Comparative Energy Labels, used in conjunction with Minimum Energy Performance Standards which have been shown to be highly effective policy tools that governments can use to increase the efficiency of products sold.