Distr.
GENERAL
A/AC.237/NC/13
19 December 1994
Original: ENGLISH
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE
FOR A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
In accordance with decision 9/2 of the Committee, the interim
secretariat is to make available, in the official languages of the
United Nations, the executive summaries of the national
communications submitted by Annex I Parties.
GE.94-
|
1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
provides an internationally binding basis for combatting the
anthropogenic greenhouse effect. With this first report of the
Federal Government to the Conference of the Parties, Germany has
fulfilled its obligation pursuant to the Framework Convention's
Article 12.
2. In August 1993, a preliminary report was presented entitled "Climate Protection in
Germany - National Report of the Federal Government for the
Federal Republic of Germany in anticipation of Article 12 of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". The present
report is an updated, substantially revised and expanded version of
that preliminary report.
3. Until their unification on 3 October, 1990, the two parts of
Germany belonged to two different political blocs; this added to the
difficulty of preparing this report. As a result of the long
separation, data in many areas is not comparable; where this is the
case, the data has been presented separately - even for the period
after 1990.
Inventories of anthropogenic emissions and binding in reservoirs and by sinks
Anthropogenic emissions
4. Table I provides a summary of emissions of the most important
greenhouse gases (with the exception of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
chlorocarbons (CCs) and halons) in Germany in 1990.
5. The "IPCC Draft Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories" were used.
6. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and
laughing gas (N2O) are directly climate-relevant; nitrogen
oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane-free
volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), on the other hand, have an
indirect effect, because they contribute to formation of ozone, which
is climate-relevant, in the lower atmosphere
(troposphere).
7. The emissions data for CO2, NOx, and CO
can be considered well-founded, as can the data for NMVOC, with some
exceptions, while the data for CH4 and, especially, for
N2O, must be considered subject to major
uncertainties.
8. Figure I (see full text of the communication) shows the
development over time, from 1970 to 1993, of CO2
emissions, pursuant to data from the Federal Environment Agency;
Figure II (See full text of the communication) shows the development
of CH4 emissions from 1970 to 1992. The database that
would permit a similar representation for N2O is
lacking.
9. CO2 emissions in Germany (not including high-seas
bunkering and international air transport) decreased from 1,068
million tonnes in 1987 (the reference year for the Federal
Government's CO2-reduction resolution) to 911 million
tonnes in 1993. This corresponds to a 14.7% reduction within this
period. In the area of the former GDR, CO2 emissions
decreased by nearly 50% during this period (the main reasons for this
decrease were economic restructuring, a reduction in population size
by about 6%, a partial transfer of production to former West Germany,
improvements in energy-use efficiency and a decrease in consumption
of lignite, which is an intensive source of CO2
emissions). CO2 emissions in former West Germany were some
2% higher in 1993 than they were in 1987, but the population in the
area of former West Germany also grew by some 7% from 1987 to
1993.
10. From 1987 to 1993, energy-related per-capita CO2
emissions in Germany (not including high-seas bunkering and
international air transport) decreased from 13.4 to 10.9 tonnes per
inhabitant (a decrease of 18.7%). In the area of former West Germany,
the decrease over the same period was about 4% (from 11.4 to 10.9
tonnes per inhabitant), while in the area of the former GDR it was
about 45% (from 20.5 to 11.2 tonnes per inhabitant).
11. Methane emissions in Germany decreased by some 12% between
1970 and 1992, to 6,200 kilotonnes per year. In contrast with the
decreasing emissions in former West Germany, emissions in the area of
the former GDR increased until 1989. This trend was reversed in 1990,
however, through a drastic reduction in livestock
inventories.
12. Nitrogen oxide emissions in Germany decreased by some 4%
between 1975 and 1991 - to 2,900 kilotonnes per year. Emissions
increased until about the mid-1980s; since then, they have been
decreasing.
13. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased relatively constantly from
1975 to 1991, reaching 9,400 kilotonnes per year, for a total
decrease of 45%.
14. Emissions of methane-free volatile organic compounds decreased
by about 11% from 1975to 1991; in 1991 they were 2,850 kilotonnes per
year.
Binding in reservoirs and by sinks
15. The amount of carbon stored in Germany's forests is estimated
as being between 1.5 to 2.0 billion tonnes (5.5 to 7.4 billion tonnes
of CO2). The annual carbon-level increase in the existing
10.8 million hectares of forest is some 5.4 million tonnes (some 20
million tonnes of CO2). This corresponds to an annual
increase of carbon stored in forests of about 0.3 to 0.4%. The
ability of these reservoirs to store additional carbon ends when
forests reach maturity - and thus their maximum biomass levels -
however. Currently, it is not possible to estimate when this takes
place.
Effects of climate change and adaptation measures
16. Climate-modelling calculations have shown that as a result of
the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increases in
global mean temperature and rises in ocean levels must be expected,
along with changes in precipitation distribution and shifts in
frequency of extreme weather events. Even if no reliable figures are
available concerning the regional climate changes that must be
expected, particularly endangered areas can be identified, on the
basis of natural and anthropogenic systems' specific sensitivity to
climate.
17. For example, pronounced consequences of the anthropogenic
greenhouse effect are to be expected in the earth's semiarid regions,
changes which, in particular, could lead to increases in migratory
movements.
18. In Germany, it is mainly natural and near-natural ecosystems
that seem threatened, when the country's geographic and climatic
conditions are considered. Effects on water resource management and
on agriculture and forestry, which are particularly sensitive to
climatic influences, have a more direct influence on human living
conditions. Considerable uncertainty prevails concerning further
economic and social effects of climate change. This uncertainty
applies to economic activities (including industry and tourism) and
to quality of human life (health, food, housing, etc.)
19. If only for the reason that a considerable time lag can occur
between greenhouse-gas emissions and the effects of climate change,
precaution demands that we act, in our own interest and in the
interest of future generations - even if not all questions concerning
the complex scientific interrelationships, the extent and,
especially, the effects of climate change, have been answered. The
Federal Government considers measures for reducing emissions of
climate-relevant gases to have priority. It is also emphasising
research into the consequences of climate change, however, in order
to develop effective strategies for adaptation to the effects of such
change, which cannot be ruled out, in spite of a wide range of
efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Programme of measures to reduce emissions of climate-relevant gases and for binding
them in reservoirs and by sinks
20. The Federal Government acted early to develop a comprehensive
national climate-protection strategy. The CO2-reduction
programme is the heart of this strategy.
21. In light of the world-wide discussion concerning the
additional, anthropogenic greenhouse effect, and the resulting
climate change and effects, the Federal Government is aiming to
respond to this global challenge with an ambitious goal for reducing
energy-related CO2 emissions. It has prepared a
comprehensive reduction concept whose measures are currently being
implemented on a step-by-step basis.
22. By means of resolutions of 13 June, 1990, 7 November, 1990 and
11 December, 1991, the Federal Cabinet approved a comprehensive
CO2-reduction programme. Its aim in this connection is to
reduce CO2 emissions by 25% to 30% by the year 2005, in
relation to the emissions volume in 1987. The Federal Government is
aware of the difficulty of achieving this, a difficulty that is also
due to the changed global framework. Reduction of other
climate-relevant emissions - such as methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
carbon monoxide (CO) and methane-free volatile organic compounds
(NMVOC) - is also taken into account in the national
climate-protection strategy.
23. Overall, the Federal Government is aiming to achieve a
reduction of all climate-relevant emissions - expressed in terms of
CO2 equivalents - on an order of 50% by the year 2005 - in
relation to 1987 levels.
24. With its resolutions to date, the Federal Government has
approved a broad catalogue of measures for exploiting the existing
potential for reducing emissions of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases in the following areas:
- Private households and small consumers,
- Traffic and transport,
- Industry,
- The energy industry,
- The waste-management sector,
- Agriculture and forestry.
25. In addition to economic instruments, which have a special role
in the CO2-reduction programme, climate-protection
instruments include regulatory requirements, information and
consultation programmes and education and training.
26. With its resolution of 13 June, 1990, the Federal Cabinet
established a CO2-reduction Interministerial Working Group
(IWG), under the leadership of the Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. At the same
time, the Cabinet set up working groups, within the
CO2-reduction IWG framework, on the following topic
areas:
- Energy supply (management: Federal Ministry of Economics),
- Traffic and transport (management: Federal Ministry of Transport),
- Buildings and structures (management: Federal Ministry for Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development),
- New technologies (management: Federal Ministry for Research and Technology),
- CO2 reduction in the areas of agriculture and forestry, including CO2 sinks (management: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry).
27. In addition to the above-named ministries, the working group
comprises representatives of the Federal Chancellery, of the Federal
Foreign Office and of the federal ministries of
Finance; of Labour and Social Affairs; of Economic Cooperation and
Development; of Defence; and of Education and Science.
28. In the summer of 1994, the CO2-reduction IWG will
present its 3rd report to the Federal Cabinet; the findings it
contains have been taken into account in the present
report.
29. The present report contains a very comprehensive catalogue of
measures. On the one hand, this catalogue provides an overview of
approved and implemented measures to date; on the other, it lists
measures that are currently being approved by the appropriate
decision-making bodies, or whose approval is currently being prepared
or is planned. This very comprehensive catalogue of measures is aimed
both at the energy-supply sector and at all energy-consuming sectors.
It comprises the areas of private households and small consumers,
traffic and transport, industry, the energy industry, the
waste-management industry and agriculture and forestry.
30. In addition to economic instruments, the range of
climate-protection tools includes regulatory requirements, research
and technology development, information and consultation programmes
and education and training.
31. Table II provides an overview of the some 100 individual
measures that are contributing to reduction of emissions of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
32. An important factor in the success of climate-protection
policy in Germany will be whether all those involved truly cooperate.
The Federal Government alone will not be able to locally implement
such an intensive programme - a programme that affects economic and
social structures. For this reason, the climate-protection strategy
must be diffused to all the various levels, and to each individual
involved. The Federal Government is of the opinion that the effort to
accomplish this, which has been underway since 1990, has been
extremely successful.
33. Gradually, the Länder are also preparing their own
Land-specific climate-protection programmes. An important reason why
such programmes must be developed and implemented is that in many
areas the Länder have executive competency.
34. Since 1990, many communities have begun developing and
implementing community CO2-reduction concepts, often on
the basis of existing energy-supply concepts. To date, far more than
100 such concepts have been developed. Increasingly, head community
associations are giving greater attention to this topic. In addition,
communities are organising themselves, on the European level, into an
international climate-protection alliance. This alliance has the
extremely ambitious goal of reducing CO2 emissions in its
member communities by 50% by the year 2010, in relation to 1987
levels.
35. In November 1991, central German industry associations
presented a paper describing an initiative for world-wide
precautionary measures to protect climate. In this paper, German
industry emphasises that it is willing to do its part to combat the
greenhouse effect. The paper also makes clear that industry considers
self-commitment declarations and compensation solutions to be
effective climate-protection instruments. Since 1992, the Federal
Government has been conducting intensive discussions with industrial
representatives concerning the specific details of this initiative
paper.
36. Other groups that have been very intensively discussing
climate protection include unions, environmental protection
associations, consumer organisations, churches and other groups that
play an important role in society. The aim of these initiatives is to
make it clear to each person that he or she can make a decisive
contribution to combatting the global greenhouse effect.
Emissions scenarios
37. The development of energy-related and non-energy-related
emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide
(CO) and methane-free volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) until the
year 2005 was estimated. For the case of energy-related emissions,
two existing studies were used as a basis that do not conform
completely with the CO2-reduction programme. For the
non-energy-related emissions, the current framework is used as the
basis for forecasts. Table III lists the emissions reduction for
these greenhouse gases (both energy-related and non-energy-related)
until the year 2005, in relation to 1987 (where data is available)
and 1990 emissions levels. Further reductions of greenhouse-gas
emissions can be achieved through additional measures.
Research and systematic observation
38. Research into climate systems, and into the consequences of
climate change, is among the emphases of German environmental
research. Climate-system research is seeking to obtain reliable
statements concerning the development of global climate and,
especially, concerning development of regional climate. The purpose
of research into the consequences of climate change is to estimate
the possible effects of climate change. As part of such research, the
interactions between climate and sensitive natural and
civilisation-built systems are being studied.
39. The Federal Government is also sponsoring research into means
of easing the effects of climate change. These efforts are aimed at
providing the necessary action-oriented knowledge, and technology, in
the areas of environmental protection and energy, for reduction of
greenhouse-gas emissions. They are also focused on identifying
options for action to deal with the effects of climate change. Table
II (especially in its "New Technologies" section) lists specific
measures for supporting research into means of easing the effects of
climate change.
40. But more than scientific and technological solutions to
environmental problems are now required, if environmental problems
are to be permanently solved; for this reason, overall efforts are
increasingly also incorporating social and economic
approaches.
41. The Federal Republic of Germany's research programmes have
been incorporated into major international programmes such as the
World Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere and
Biosphere Programme.
42. The comprehensive measurement programmes that are also being
carried out through international cooperation (such as within the
Global Atmosphere Watch or the establishment of the Global Climate
Observing System) provide an important basis for assessing the
current state of the climate system and of anthropogenic influences
on it. Data centres and databases are currently being established
that will provide relevant collected data to the public in a suitable
form.
Training, education and public
awareness
43. Because global climate change is a long-term process,
education, training and promotion of public awareness are of central
importance. The entire population has a responsibility to translate
its high level of environmental awareness into an appropriate
willingness to act and cooperate in avoiding future environmental
damage. This is why the Federal Government and the Länder are
conducting a campaign of intensive environmental information. The
topic of environmental protection has been solidly integrated into
school education, which lies within the responsibility of the
Länder. A range of training and education measures focusing on
climate protection has been carried out by the Federal Government and
other sponsors. Table II lists individual measures for providing
environmental information, training and education.
International cooperation in the areas of technology and finance
44. The Federal Government strongly supports adherence to the
guidelines set forth in the Rio Declaration, and is orienting its
bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the area of development to
the aim of implementing the Declaration's Agenda 21.
Bilateral cooperation
45. In the area of energy, a focus of the Federal Government's
cooperation in the area of development, some 13 billion DM were
provided between 1961 and 1993, within the framework of financial
cooperation; some 1.1 billion DM were provided within the framework
of technological cooperation. Of this funding, some 2.5 billion DM
were spent on hydroelectric power generation; some 500 million DM
were spend on other renewable energies. In addition, the Federal
Government spends 300 million DM annually in helping other countries
conserve their tropical rain forests. The Federal Government is also
supporting developing countries' measures to reduce methane emissions
in connection with the keeping of livestock, as well as studies in
such countries on reducing methane and laughing gas emissions in rice
cultivation.
46. In 1992, the Federal Government also created a consultancy
assistance programme for central and eastern European countries. By
1993, over 150 projects in the area of environmental protection had
been carried out within this programme. In addition, some 41 million
DM was spent in 1992 and 1993 on selected environmental-protection
projects in central and eastern Europe.
47. In 1992, the Federal Government made available 5 million DM in
special funding; these funds are being used to help some 10
developing countries prepare their national reports.
Multilateral cooperation
48. In a pilot phase lasting from 1991 to 1993, and which was
supported with approx. 1 billion DM worth of special-draft loans
(central fund plus co-financing), the Federal Republic of Germany
paid 147 million US$ into the central fund of the Global
Environmental Facility (GEF). For the period lasting from mid-1994 to
mid-1997, the Federal Republic of Germany has committed itself to
payment of 240 million US$ (ca. 12% of the total volume of some 2
billion US$) into this fund.
49. The Federal Republic of Germany strongly supports taking an
internationally coordinated approach. It is cooperating within the
European Union (EU) and in multilateral government organisations such
as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), the UN's Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and it is making substantial
contributions to these organisations' initiatives in the area of
climate policy.
50. The Federal Government took an active role in preparing the
resolutions of the EU's Joint Environmental and Energy Council of 29
October, 1990, 13 December, 1991 and June 1992, as well as the
various Council resolutions concerning the European Union's
CO2-reduction strategy. Within the EU framework, it
continues to support passage of an effective joint
CO2-reduction strategy.
51. The European Commission's proposal for a Council directive on
the introduction of a tax on CO2 emissions and energy,
dated 4 June, 1992, is a focus of current discussion. The Council is
still deliberating intensively on this proposal. The Federal
Government considers the introduction of an (at least) EU-wide
CO2/energy tax, neutral with regard to competition and
total tax-revenue volume, to be a necessary instrument for achieving
goals in this area - both national and European goals. During its EU
presidency, the Federal Government continues to pursue the issue of
the above-mentioned CO2/energy tax.
Outlook
52. The Federal Government plans to concentrate its future work
within the Interministerial Working Group on CO2 reduction
on the following areas of action:
- Reduction of CO2 emissions,
- Reduction of methane emissions (CH4) from energy production, energy transport, energy distribution and energy use; from agriculture; from waste treatment; and from wastewater treatment,
- Reduction of nitrous oxide emissions (N2O),
- Reduction of the precursor substances of tropospheric ozone, i.e. of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), methane-free volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and
- Reduction of emissions of other greenhouse gases (including
CF4 and C2F6).
53. The results achieved to date, in sum, have noticeably reduced
Germany's share of world-wide greenhouse-gas emissions. The aim of
the Federal Government's climate-protection programme is to reduce
Germany's share of anthropogenic emissions by about half, by the year
2005 - based on 1987 levels. World-wide, these efforts are without
parallel, and the Federal Government expects that other countries
will follow Germany's example.
54. The Federal Government will continue to take an active role in
implementing national and EU-wide climate-protection strategies, and
in efforts to achieve a globally coordinated strategy for combatting
the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. This applies especially to
implementation and promotion of further development of the Framework
Convention on Climate Change. The 1st Conference of the Parties, to
be held in Berlin from 7 April to 28 May, 1995, will be an important
step in these efforts.
Table 1: Summary of emissions of greenhouse gases in Germany in 1990
Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Total emissions |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
709 |
303 |
5 015 |
1 203 |
183 |
40 |
2 377 |
566 |
7 131 |
3 637 |
2 234 |
744 | |
1. Energy-related |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
687 |
296 |
1 574 |
193 |
24 |
9 |
2 361 |
561 |
6 526 |
3 578 |
1 093 |
586 | |
2. Industrial processes |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
22 |
7 |
9 |
2 |
95 |
5 |
16 |
5 |
605 |
59 |
111 |
18 | |
3. Use of solvents and products |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
|
|
|
|
5 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
1 030 |
140 | |
4. Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
|
|
1 497 |
546 |
55 |
25 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. | |
5. Land use changes and forestry1) |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
- 14 |
- 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
6. Waste management |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
n.a. |
n.a. |
1 935 |
462 |
4 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
Table 1: Summary of emissions of greenhouse gases in
Germany in 1990 (continues)
High-seas bunkering1) |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
|
7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
128 |
27 |
31 |
7 |
13 |
3 |
International air transport1) |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
11 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
49 |
2 |
54 |
4 |
9 |
1 |
n.a. Not available 2
Table 2: Individual measures of the Federal Government
that contribute to reduction of emissions of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases)
A. Measures that have already been approved and that are
being/have been implemented
Energy supply:
|
(1) Federal table of charges for electricity |
(2) Support for local and regional energy-supply and climate-protection concepts |
(3) Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid |
(4) Elimination of the excise duty on lamps |
(5) Federal Government/Länder district-heating modernisation programme for the area of the former GDR |
(6) Funding for renewable energies |
(7) Energy-saving programme of the European Recovery Programme (ERP) |
(8) Support for advising of small and medium-sized companies concerning energy-saving |
(9) Support of the Forum für Zukunftsenergien (Future Energy Forum) |
(10) Information on use of renewable energies |
(11) Information on saving energy and efficient energy use |
(12) Acceleration of authorisation procedures by removing wind-energy systems from the 4th Ordinance on Execution of the Federal Immission Control Act (4. BImSchV) |
(13) Tax breaks for heat/power cogeneration plants |
Traffic and transport:
|
(14) Increase of the mineral-oil tax |
(15) Emissions-oriented motor-vehicle tax (1st phase) |
(16) 1992 Federal Traffic Infrastructure Plan |
(17) Increasing the attractiveness of local public transportation |
(18) Lowering of NMVOC emissions from vehicle refuelling, as a result of the Gas-balance System Ordinance |
(19) Programme of research into urban traffic (Forschungsprogramm Stadtverkehr - FOPS) |
(20) Improving continuity of traffic flow |
(21) Information on energy-saving and environmentally aware driving habits |
(22) Research projects and information concerning urban traffic planning and decreasing traffic pollution in cities |
(23) Railway structural reform |
(24) Freight centres |
(25) Combined transport using waterways |
(26) Research programme on "Pollution in Aviation" |
(27) Traffic research |
(28) Deregulation of goods transports on roads by means of the Tariffs-elimination Act(Tarifaufhebungsgesetz) |
Buildings and structures:
|
(29) Amendment of the Thermal Insulation Ordinance (Wärmeschutzverordnung - WSchV) |
(30) Amendment of the Heating-systems Ordinance (HeizAnlV) |
(31) Advising concerning energy-saving, efficient energy use in housing structures - on-site advising |
(32) Tax breaks through the Support-area Act (Fördergebietsgesetz), pursuant to the 1991 Tax-Amendment Act of 24 June, 1991 and the Act on Securing the Futures of Sites (Standortsicherungsgesetz) of 13 September, 1993 |
(33) Housing modernisation programme of the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) reconstruction bank |
(34) The joint programme "Economic Recovery in eastern Germany" |
(35) Subsidies for construction of public (low-rent) housing |
(36) Programme of research into experimental city and housing planning: "Reducing pollution in city planning" (Schadstoffminderung im Städtebau) |
(37) Acceleration of authorisation procedures by means of the investment-facilitation and housing-construction-site act (Investitionserleichterungs- und Wohnbaulandgesetz) |
(38) Reduction of barriers to investment in housing construction in the area of the former GDR, for cases in which ownership questions have not been settled |
(39) Information for building owners, architects, planners, engineers, craftsmen |
New technologies:
2
Agriculture and forestry:
|
(55) Joint task "Improvement of Agricultural Structure and Coastal Protection" |
(56) Bonuses for land set-asides |
(57) Improvement of animal digestive efficiency as part of animal husbandry, in order to reduce methane emissions |
(58) Support for extensive methods of agriculture |
(59) Conservation of existing forests |
(60) Support for new afforestation |
(61) Forest-management measures |
(62) Tax exemptions for pure rape methyl ester (RME) |
(63) Agency for renewable raw materials (Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe) |
(64) Proposal for a fertilizer ordinance |
Waste-management sector:
|
(65) Ordinance on packaging |
(66) Technical Instructions on Municipal Waste Management (TA-Siedlungsabfall) |
(67) Technical Instructions on Waste, Part 1 |
(68) Waste Management and Product Recycling Act |
Overarching measures:
|
(69) Improvement of training and continuing training for architects, engineers, technicians and craftsmen |
(70) Support programme of the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) |
(71) Investment programme for reducing environmental pollution (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) |
(72) Environmental programme of the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) reconstruction bank |
(73) Environmental programme of the Deutsche Ausgleichsbank |
(74) Environmental protection guarantee programme: liability exemption in connection with the supplementary loans programme III (Ergänzungsdarlehen III) for subsidising manufacturers of preventative environmental protection technology |
(75) Federal/Länder joint task "Improvement of the regional economic structure" |
(76) Financial support of the economic infrastructure in the area of the former GDR - improvement of the regional economic structure in connection with support for municipal infrastructures |
(77) Advising concerning thrifty, efficient energy use, provided by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbraucherverbände (AgV) consumer associations' working group, on commission to the Federal Ministry of Economics |
(78) Support for advising of small and medium-sized companies concerning environmental protection and energy use |
(79) Orientation advising on environmental protection for small and medium-sized companies (area of the former GDR) |
(80) Orientation advising on environmental protection for communities in the area of the former GDR |
(81) Community loan programme - area of the former GDR |
(82) Air quality control programme of the European Recovery Programme (ERP) |
(83) Technical information concerning efficient energy use and use of renewable energies |
(84) Studies on optimising the CO2-reduction programme |
(85) Amendment of the Fee Table for Architects and Engineers (HOAI) |
(86) Research into specific approaches to regulatory tools |
(87) System analysis within the Instruments for Climate-gas-reduction Strategies (IKARUS) project |
(88) Environmental certification mark (Umweltzeichen) |
B. Measures that are currently being approved by the relevant
decision-making bodies, or whose approval is currently being prepared
or is currently planned:
Energy supply:
|
(89) Amendment to the Energy Management Act |
(90) Proposal for an Ordinance on Heat Use |
Traffic and transport:
|
(91) Raising of the minimum EU levels for mineral-oil tax |
(92) Emissions-related motor-vehicle tax (2nd phase) |
(93) Tolls for use of certain roads |
(94) CO2 emissions of new motor vehicles |
(95) German railways' site concept |
(96) Use of modern information technology for preventing and regulating traffic (telematics) |
(97) Taxation of aircraft fuels |
(98) Amendment of the Common Rules of Procedure (Gemeinsame Geschäftsordnung) of the federal ministries |
(99) Introduction of traffic-effects studies |
(100) Shifting of international transit traffic from roads to railways and to ships |
Buildings and structures:
|
(101) 2nd Ordinance for Amendment of the Ordinance on Small Combustion Plants (1st Federal Immission Control Ordinance) |
(102) Instruments for increasing energy efficiency of existing buildings |
(103) Special relevant privileges accorded within the building code |
(104) Standardisation of authorisation practices for renewable energy system |
Overarching measures:
|
(105) Improvement of the framework for vocational training and for continuing education and training |
(106) Support for provision of information concerning third-party financing models |
(107) Introduction of an (at-least) EU-wide CO2/energy tax that has a neutral effect with regard to competition and total tax-revenue volume |
(108) Law on mandatory labelling with regard to energy consumption (product labelling) |
(109) Planning of the parliament and government district in Berlin with regard to environmental protection requirements, especially climate-protection requirements |
Table 3: Changes in emissions of the greenhouse gases CH4, N2O, NOx, CO and NMVOC by the year 2005, in relation to 1987 and 1990 levels, and according to trend estimates (energy-related and non-energy-related emissions)1)
|
| |
|
| |
Methane (CH4) |
|
|
Nitrous oxide (N2O) |
|
|
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) |
|
|
Carbon monoxide (CO) |
- 58 |
- 51 |
Methane-free volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) |
- 47 |
- 43 |
1) Further reductions of greenhouse-gas emissions can be achieved by means of additional measures.
n.a. = No figures provided, because the relevant data is
incomplete.
Source: Federal Environment Agency