24 November 1997
ENGLISH ONLY
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
AD HOC GROUP ON THE BERLIN MANDATE
Eighth session, second part
Kyoto, 30 November 1997
Agenda item 3
1. In addition to the submissions already received (see
FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.3), a further submission has been received from
Germany and Japan.
2. In accordance with the procedure for miscellaneous documents,
this submission is attached and is reproduced in the language in
which it was received and without formal editing.
FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.3/Add.1
GE.97-
Paper No. Page
1. Germany and Japan 3
(Submission dated 17 November 1997)
In the context of the climate change negotiations, the
International Energy Agency (IEA) has been asked to provide the
UNFCCC Secretariat with several summary tables of relevant available
data. The latest IEA Energy Balance data are for 1995. Therefore,
this submission includes a time series based upon official IEA energy
data for 1990 to 1995.
The emissions estimates given in the attached tables have been
estimated by the IEA based on their energy data and the default
methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. These data
are only for energy related CO2, not for any other
greenhouse gases, and may differ from countries' official submissions
of emissions inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat (see Section 1 of
this document for further details). These estimates have been
published in the new IEA book, CO2 Emissions from Fuel
Combustion. Please note that these emissions are only from fuel
combustion and represent approximately three-quarters of total
CO2 emissions.
The IEA also publishes data on renewables energy once a year in
Energy Balances of OECD Countries. In that publication, the
data are shown in GWh and TJ and divided into electricity and heat
production. Since the UNFCCC Secretariat requested information on the
share of renewables in total primary energy supply, the data in this
document have been presented differently to conform with that request
(see Section 2 of this document for the conventions used to calculate
primary energy supply).
For further information on the population and GDP data used to
calculate the indicators presented in the summary tables, see Section
3 of this document. It also gives a brief description of the
differences between GDP calculated using exchange rates and using
purchasing power parities. Section 4 gives some units of
conversion which may be used to convert the data in the attached
tables to different units and Section 5 gives a brief description of
the summary tables included in this document.
Note: No forecast data beyond 1995 were included in this
submission because such forecasts are not made by the IEA on a
comparable basis.
The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are
calculated using the IEA energy
data(1) and the default methods and
emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why
the IEA estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country
submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its
energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. No
attempt has been made to quantify the affects of these differences.
In most cases these differences will be relatively small. Some of the
reasons for these differences are:
Countries often have several "official" sources of data such as a
Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a nationalized electricity
company, etc. Data can also be collected from the energy suppliers,
the energy consumers or the customs statistics. The IEA tries to
collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily have access
to the complete data set that may be available to national experts
calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC.
The IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for each oil
product. These NCVs are constant across countries and over time. As
for coal, the different coal types have specific NCVs for production,
imports, exports, inputs to public power plants and coal used in coke
ovens, blast furnaces and industry, and can vary over time. Country
experts may have the possibility of going into much more detail when
calculating the heat content of the fuels. This in turn could produce
different numbers than the IEA.
Again, the IEA uses only the default emission factors which are
given in the Revised 1996 Guidelines. Country experts may
have better information available.
The IEA does not have complete information on the non-energy use
of fuels. The amount of carbon stored is estimated using the default
values given in the Revised 1996 Guidelines. Country experts
calculating the inventories may be able to go into much more
detail.
As internationally agreed, emissions from international bunkers
should be excluded from national totals in inventories submitted to
the UNFCCC. However, it appears that for many countries, the data
reported to the IEA for international aviation bunkers are not
correct. Often, the bunker data exclude outbound international
traffic by domestically owned carriers. Country experts calculating
emission inventories may have access to detailed airport statistics
or may make estimates specifically for this purpose. As a result,
total emissions of countries with a lot of international aviation
traffic may be overstated in the IEA emission estimates.
As with any inventory that is calculated using the IPCC Reference
Approach, the IEA emissions from fuel combustion contain small
quantities of fugitive emissions from fuel transformation (e.g. from
oil refineries or coke ovens) which are normally included in the IPCC
Source/Sink Category 1 B, Fugitive Emissions from Fuels and
consequently not reported in national inventories under Category 1 A,
Fuel Combustion.
National greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the UNFCCC divide
emissions up according to source categories. Two of these IPCC
Source/Sink Categories are Energy and Industrial Processes. The IPCC
Reference Approach estimates national emissions from fuel combustion
based on the supply of fuel to a country and by implication includes
emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces in the energy sector.
However, when doing detailed sectoral calculations, it is possible to
distinguish certain non-energy processes. In the reduction of iron in
a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose
of coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be
considered as Industrial Processes. Care must be taken not to double
count these emissions in both the Energy Sector and Industrial
Processes. Since the IEA is starting with the Reference Approach,
these estimates of emissions from fuel combustion include the coke
inputs to blast furnaces.
Some countries experience wide variations in the annual mean
temperature. These differences may mask the underlying emissions
trends. As a result, in addition to providing unadjusted data, a few
countries adjust their emissions estimates to correct for these
temperature variations.
Certain countries are subject to extensive fluctuations in
CO2 emissions due to electricity trade. The fluctuations
are large enough that it is difficult to evaluate the underlying
trends. For example, Denmark prefers to be judged on the basis of
figures corrected for electricity exchange, when evaluating the
CO2-reduction performance of the country. The adjustment
suggested by Denmark is made by adding, in import years, the
emissions that would have been emitted, had the imported electricity
been produced in Denmark, and similarly, by subtracting, in export
years, the emissions in Denmark caused by the export.
The IEA CO2 emissions estimates have been calculated
using the Revised 1996 Guidelines. Country inventories may
have been calculated using the first IPCC Guidelines that
were published in March 1995 or the IPCC Draft Guidelines
that were circulated for review in December 1993. Although the method
does not change significantly between the versions for Energy, small
differences will occur due to modified default net calorific values,
emission factors, fuel lists, treatment of autoproducers,
etc.
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is defined by the IEA
as primary energy production + imports - exports - international
marine bunkers +/- stock changes. When constructing an energy
balance, it is necessary to adopt conventions for certain non-fossil
energy sources. The IEA, as almost all other international
organisations which compile energy balances, uses the
physical energy content method. The energy content
of electricity from non-fossil, non-nuclear and non-geothermal
sources is considered to be equal to the energy content of the
electricity (i.e. at the rate of 1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe). The IEA
assumes an efficiency of 33% for nuclear and 10% for geothermal when
calculating the energy content for these two energy sources. An
alternative approach to calculating the energy content for
non-combusted energy sources is the partial substitution
method (no longer used by the IEA). In this type of energy
balance, the primary energy equivalent of the non-fossil energy
sources are calculated using the average efficiency of combustible
fuels (the IEA formerly used 38.5%) and represents the amount of
energy that would be necessary to generate an identical amount of
electricity in thermal power stations. This method presupposes that a
country has a relatively small part of its electricity supply from
non-thermal sources. Since these two types of energy balances differ
significantly in the treatment of non-fossil electricity, the share
of renewables in total energy supply will appear to be very different
depending on the method used. As a result, when looking at the
percentages of various energy sources in total supply, it is
important to understand the underlying conventions that were used to
calculate the primary energy balances.
Hydro shows the energy content of the electricity
produced in hydro plants, excluding output from pumped storage
plants.
Geothermal shows the energy content of electricity
produced in geothermal plants assuming an average thermal efficiency
of 10 per cent unless the country's actual geothermal process
efficiency is known, geothermal heat plants and direct use of
geothermal heat.
Solar shows the energy content of solar electricity
produced in solar plants, solar heat plants and direct use of solar
heat.
Tide, Wave and Ocean shows the energy content of the
electricity produced.
Wind shows the energy content of the electricity
produced.
Ambient Heat shows the amount of heat extracted from
ambient air and water by heat pumps.
Solid Biomass and Animal Products is defined as any plant
matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before
combustion. Included are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste
and crops used for energy production), black liquor (an alkaline
spent liquor from the digesters in the production of sulphate or soda
pulp during the manufacture of paper where the energy content derives
from the lignin removed from the wood pulp) and other (including
animal materials/wastes).
Gas/Liquids from Biomass are derived principally from the
anaerobic fermentation of biomass and solid wastes and combusted to
produce heat and/or power. Included in this category are landfill
gas, sludge gas (sewage gas and gas from animal slurries),
bio-alcohols and esters for energy use (such as ethanol) and
other.
Municipal Waste consists of products that are combusted
directly to produce heat and/or power and comprises wastes produced
by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that are
collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location.
Hospital waste is included in this category.
Industrial Waste consists of solid and liquid products
(e.g. tyres) combusted directly, usually in specialised plants, to
produce heat and/or power and that are not reported in the category
Solid Biomass and Animal Products.
Non-Specified Combustible Renewables and Waste contains
energy from the above categories which cannot be separately
identified.
Population and GDP for OECD countries (except the Czech Republic,
Hungary, Poland and the Republic of Korea) have come from the OECD
publication Main Economic Indicators. Population and GDP
data for the other countries have been obtained from the World Bank.
GDP data for the Czech Republic from 1990 onwards come from the OECD
and from 1971 to 1989 are IEA Secretariat estimates.
The GDP data have been compiled for individual countries at market
prices in local currency and annual rates. These data have been
scaled up/down to the price levels of 1990 and then converted to US
dollars using the yearly average 1990 exchange rates or purchasing
power parities (PPPs).
In recent years, there have been wide fluctuations in exchange
rates, consequently there has been a growing need and interest in
developing energy indicators using a measure of GDP which would avoid
these fluctuations and better reflect the relative purchasing power
of different currencies. As a result, this publication is presenting
GDP calculated using PPPs as well as with the traditional exchange
rates.
Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion
that equalize the purchasing power of different currencies. A given
sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP
rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries.
In other words, PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which
eliminate the differences in price levels between different
countries. The PPPs selected to convert the GDP from national
currencies to US dollars come from the OECD and were aggregated using
the Geary-Khamis (GK) method and rebased on the United States. For a
more detailed description of the methodology please see
Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, GK Results, Volume
II, 1990, OECD 1993. The ratio of 1990 PPP/exchange rate for the
Czech Republic and Hungary comes from the UN ECE publication
International Comparison of Gross Domestic Product in
Europe, 1990. The PPPs for the other countries come from the
CHELEM-CEPII CD ROM (Paris, 1997). For a more detailed description of
the methodology please see The Chelem Database, Harmonised
Accounts on Trade and the World Economy, CEPII (Paris,
1997).
For the purpose of presenting total primary energy supply (TPES)
in this document, the IEA has adopted kilotonnes of oil equivalent
(ktoe) as a unit of account. One tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is
defined as 107 kilocalories (41.868 gigajoules).
This quantity of energy is, within a few per cent, equal to the net
heat content of 1 tonne of crude oil.
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Conversion Factors for Mass
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Decimal Prefixes
101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)
102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c)
103 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m)
106 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ)
109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n)
1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p)
1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto (f)
1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a)
This document includes the following data:
This indicator is presented in tonnes of CO2 / capita
for all Annex I countries, the non-Annex I regions and World
total for 1990 to 1995.
This indicator is presented in kilogrammes of CO2 / US$
using 1990 prices and exchange rates for all Annex I countries, the
non-Annex I regions and World total for 1990 to 1995.
This indicator is presented in kilogrammes of CO2 / US$
using 1990 prices and purchasing power parities for all Annex I
countries, the non-Annex I regions and World total for 1990 to
1995.
The data for renewables and waste have been shown separately as
some people consider municipal and industrial waste as part of
renewables and some do not.
For each of the Annex I countries, two pages (divided into 5
tables) have been provided with data for 1990 to 1995. However, the
data for the EIT countries is not as complete as for the Annex II
countries, so for most of the EIT countries, data have been supplied
only for 1994 and 1995.
The first table gives the actual supply of each type of renewable
and waste in kilotonnes of oil equivalent. The second table shows the
relative share of renewables and waste in total renewables and waste.
The third table (strictly speaking, this fulfills the basic request
by the UNFCCC) shows the percentage shares of renewables and waste in
total primary energy supply. The fourth table shows the share of each
type of renewable in total renewables and the fifth table shows the
share of each type of waste in total waste.
The IEA felt that supplementing the third table with the other
tables would help readers better understand how renewables contribute
to the energy supply in various countries.
The remaining part of this text which consists of data tables is not available in electronic format. A hard copy of the document can be obtained from the secretariat of the UNFCCC.
1. The original energy data have been published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries. The IEA emissions estimates have been published in CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion.