Distr.
GENERAL
FCCC/SBSTA/1996/10
14 June 1996
ENGLISH ONLY
SUBSIDIARY BODY FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE
Third session
Geneva, 9-16 July 1996
Item 8 of the provisional agenda
Progress report on issues in the programme of work of the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice
Note by the secretariat
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
I. ESTABLISHMENT OF A ROSTER OF EXPERTS 1 - 8 3
A. Introduction 1 - 3 3
B. Experience of other organizations with
rosters of experts 4 4
C. Discussion 5 - 8 5
II. RESEARCH AND OBSERVATION ISSUES 9 6
III. COOPERATION WITH THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL
PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE 10 - 21 7
A. Introduction 10 - 13 7
B. Tenth session of the Bureau of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change 14 - 21 7
GE.96-
Paragraphs Page
IV. REVIEW OF THE LONGER-TERM PROGRAMME 22 - 34 11
A. Introduction 22 - 23 11
B. Scheduling 24 - 34 11
Synthesis of comments on the establishment of a roster of
experts for the intergovernmental technical advisory panel(s)
15
1. Further to decision 6/CP.1 of the Conference of the Parties
(COP) at its first session, and an initial discussion at its first
sessions, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
(SBSTA), at its second session, having considered the establishment
of intergovernmental technical advisory panel(s) (ITAPs) concluded
that it could not agree on the modalities for such a panel, or
panels, and decided to request guidance on this issue from the COP at
its next session. In addition, the SBSTA recognized that it may be
beneficial to draw up a roster of experts to assist the Convention
process. It requested the Parties to submit comments on the concept
of a roster, including the disciplines that such a roster might
cover. It also requested the secretariat to prepare a compilation of
the comments as well as a paper on this subject
(FCCC/SBSTA/1996/8).
2. The secretariat received submissions from 11 Parties as of 1
May 1996 on the subject of a roster. In several cases, Parties also
submitted comments on ITAPs that were intermixed with comments on a
roster. These submissions are contained in document
FCCC/SBSTA/1996/MISC.4, but only the comments pertaining to a roster
are presented in this present report. As many issues were referred to
by several Parties, an attempt has been made to synthesize the issues
by using simple lists. In a few cases, the secretariat has broadened
the lists, based on the Convention, to make them more comprehensive.
The order of the listings should not be interpreted as an indication
of priority or importance. The lists are found in the annex to this
note and are organized according to the following headings:
I. General attributes of the experts
II. Categories that could serve as a basis for nominations
III. Factors affecting the establishment and use of a roster of
experts
3. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advice
3. The SBSTA may wish to make a recommendation to the COP on the
establishment of a roster of experts. If it confirms the utility of a
roster of experts to support the work of the Convention, it may also
wish to recommend a basis for its formation.
4. To facilitate consideration of this issue, the secretariat
sought information on how other bodies, namely the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Convention on Biological
Diversity, and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) of
the Global Environment Facility (GEF) are making use of scientific
and technical experts:
(a) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC
utilized technical and scientific experts nominated by Governments to
prepare its Second Assessment Report; however, it did not formally
establish a roster. Governments based their nominations upon the
preliminary chapter titles of the Second Assessment Report as
approved by the IPCC plenary. Each nomination was supported by a
curriculum vitae. In addition, when Governments did not nominate
candidates, the IPCC Secretariat and the three Technical Support
Units of the IPCC working groups also contacted major scientific
programmes, for example through the International Council of
Scientific Unions (ICSU), for candidates to fill scientific gaps.
These candidates were designated by the Technical Support Units. The
Bureaux of the IPCC working groups selected experts for each chapter
on the basis of their scientific credentials, as well as regional
balance, while seeking to improve gender balance;
(b) Convention on Biological Diversity. The Convention on
Biological Diversity has designed, but not yet implemented, a roster.
At its first session, the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical,
and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) of the Convention on Biological
Diversity authorized the secretariat to compile a roster of experts
from a list provided by Governments and relevant intergovernmental
and non-governmental organizations. At the same session, the SBSTTA
also authorized the formation of ad hoc technical panels and
determined that the panels should make full use of such a roster. The
roster of experts was to be regularly updated. The Conference of the
Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its second
session, from 6 to 17 November 1995, provided guidance on the
establishment of the roster of experts by the Executive Secretary to
support the work of the SBSTTA. The roster is to draw upon expertise
from the following areas: scientific, technical, technological,
social, management, economic, policy, legal, and indigenous and
traditional knowledge. The Executive Secretary may convene, as
appropriate, meetings of experts drawn from the roster to support the
secretariat in advancing the work of the SBSTTA. Each session is to
have a duration of no more than five days and is to be comprised of
no more than 15 experts, with due regard to geographical
representation and the special conditions of least developed
countries and small island developing States;
(c) Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the Global
Environment Facility. The STAP, at the request of the GEF
Council, has developed and is maintaining a roster of experts. This
roster is to consist of a wide range of internationally recognized
specialists in the GEF focal areas. It is to be developed in
consultation with the Implementing Agencies and the GEF secretariat.
The roster is aimed at facilitating the review process of individual
project proposals. The first edition of the roster was drawn up
during the pilot phase of the GEF. The STAP is preparing an updated
roster and new criteria for the selection of experts to the STAP. In
addition, the STAP has made a list of over 400 disciplinary fields to
describe candidates. Nominations are being received from the
Implementing Agencies. An initial group of 157 candidates was
approved at the fourth session of the STAP held on 15 February 1996.
The responsibility for the selection of individuals and the
maintenance of the roster lies with the STAP which has a quality
control system in place that reviews and evaluates the work of the
roster of experts on an annual basis. The STAP roster will be updated
every year and will be available in book form, on diskette, and
through the Internet.
5. The issues most frequently identified by Parties in their
submissions as ones that would benefit from the advice of experts
were: innovative technologies, adaptation technologies, and
methodologies, particularly methods for projecting emissions and
assessing the effects of measures and policies.
6. There was agreement among the Parties concerning the general
attributes which experts should possess and the uses of the roster,
as identified in the annex. Parties provided several options
concerning the number of nominees from each Party and the period for
which the roster should be established.
7. A review of how other major competent international
organizations approach this issue indicates that a roster may be
characterized as a large pool (list) of scientific and technical
experts available to assist an organization as needed with specific
tasks. Unlike a permanent panel, it is not an organizational unit and
does not hold regular meetings. Once established, the use of experts
on a roster is generally delegated to the unit responsible for a
task. A panel, on the other hand, may be characterized as a group of
experts established for a specific purpose. Its rules and mandate are
usually established by a governing organization. It may be helpful to
bear these differences in mind when considering this issue.
8. If the SBSTA confirms the utility of a roster of experts to
support the work of the Convention, it may consider a basis for its
formation. While many different approaches are possible, the
secretariat suggests, based on the submissions from Parties, the
following elements:
(a) It may be advisable to start with an interim arrangement to be
kept under review by the SBSTA. Parties have submitted different
options for the period after which a first review would take place,
namely one, two or three years, and the SBSTA would have to make a
decision on this matter;
(b) Parties would nominate candidates based on the following
criteria: (1) the attributes listed in section I of the annex, and
(2) knowledge of one or more of the sectors, regions and countries,
disciplines and general task areas listed in section II of the annex.
All nominations would be accompanied by a curriculum vitae. Nominees
meeting these criteria would be included in the roster. Experts would
serve in an advisory capacity and would not recommend specific policy
choices;
(c) The SBSTA would have to decide how many experts could be
nominated by each Party. Parties have submitted different options
concerning this number, namely five, six, or ten;
(d) Experts from the roster would be used for tasks identified by
any of the subsidiary bodies. The secretariat could be requested to
organize the work to be undertaken, possibly using ad hoc technical
panels, and to select the experts under the guidance of the Chairman
of the subsidiary body concerned, ensuring a balance of skills and
expertise, of specific environmental and developmental aspects of the
Convention and the necessary geographical balance;
(e) The roster would also be available to the secretariat, as a
source of expertise for tasks carried out under the secretariat's
responsibility;
(f) The roster would be updated annually and maintained and
published by the secretariat.
9. At its second session, the SBSTA took note of the information
provided by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and a number
of Parties, relevant to the implementation of Article 5 of the
Convention. It requested the secretariat to prepare a summary report
on research and observation issues, with attention to Article 5, and
particularly to Article 5(c), of the Convention, in close
collaboration with Parties and concerned organizations, and taking
into account the recommendations of the IPCC Second Assessment
Report, for consideration by the SBSTA and subsequently by the COP.
The secretariat is currently preparing this report, which, if
completed in good time, will be issued as an addendum to the present
document.
ON CLIMATE CHANGE
10. At its first session, the SBSTA agreed that there would be a
need for close coordination between the SBSTA and the IPCC in
identifying specific proposals for jointly agreed tasks and
considering such matters as time-frames for implementation and
financial implications (FCCC/SBSTA/1995/3). It felt that this would
be particularly important after the consideration by the SBSTA of the
IPCC Second Assessment Report.
11. Also at its first session, the SBSTA identified a list of
areas in which it could draw upon the assistance of the IPCC in order
to provide the COP with timely information and advice on relevant
scientific and technical issues. With a view to refining, modifying
and adding to this list, and identifying short- and long-term
requirements, the SBSTA requested its Bureau to hold joint meetings
with the officers of the IPCC, and to report to sessions of the SBSTA
on the outcome of these meetings.
12. At its second session, the SBSTA considered the conclusions of
the meetings of the Joint Working Group of the officers of the UNFCCC
and the IPCC. Taking into account the statements made at the session,
it requested the IPCC to undertake the proposed activities in support
of the SBSTA and the Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM)
contained in annex III to the report on its second session
(FCCC/SBSTA/1996/8). This list was subsequently considered by the
Bureau of the IPCC at its tenth session. The conclusions of that
Bureau are reflected in section C, below.
13. The following information is provided to assist the SBSTA in
planning the programme of work for its future sessions. Additional
information will be provided by the Chairman of the IPCC who will
address the second session of the COP and the third session of the
SBSTA.
14. At its tenth session, held at Geneva on 28 and 29 March 1996,
the Bureau of the IPCC considered, inter alia, the
conclusions of the second session of the SBSTA and of the third
session of the AGBM. In particular, it considered the list of items
on which the IPCC could provide input to the SBSTA, contained in
annex III to the report of the SBSTA on its second session
(FCCC/SBSTA/1996/8).
15. The Chairmen of the SBSTA, the Subsidiary Body for
Implementation (SBI) and the AGBM, as well as the UNFCCC secretariat,
were invited to participate in discussions under this item. In the
absence of the Chairmen of the SBI and the AGBM, who were unable to
attend, the Chairman of the SBSTA, assisted by the Vice-Chairman of
the AGBM and the secretariat, responded to questions from IPCC Bureau
members.
16. Responses from the IPCC to requests from the SBSTA and the
AGBM fall into three categories:
(a) Technical papers, which will be rather short (20-30
page) documents, will gather together and/or clarify information
contained in the Second Assessment Report on specific issues of
importance to one or more of the Convention's subsidiary bodies.
These papers will have an expedited review schedule and will not need
"acceptance" or "approval" from a plenary session of the IPCC. All of
these papers are being prepared in response to specific requests from
the Convention;
(b) Workshops are open meetings of the academic and policy
communities intended to focus attention on issues which are often not
yet adequately discussed in the research literature. The workshops
planned for 1996 and early 1997 either address requests from the
Convention or begin to set the stage for the Third Assessment Report,
which is expected to be completed during the year 2000;
(c) Special reports will address broader climate change
issues than technical papers (such as radiative forcing -- the topic
of the 1994 special report). These reports will generally be longer
than technical papers and can include more recent research results
not assessed in the Second Assessment Report because they require
"acceptance" or "approval" from an IPCC plenary session. No plans for
special reports have been approved by the Bureau; they will be
discussed at the twelfth IPCC plenary session (IPCC-XII) at Mexico
City (11-13 September 1996).
Technical papers
17. The Bureau of the IPCC agreed to the preparation of six
technical papers in response to the requests of the SBSTA and the
AGBM. Four of the technical papers would be completed by November
1996 and the remaining two by February 1997, as follows:
(a) Technical papers for completion in November 1996:
(i) Policies and measures. This paper will respond to the
needs of the AGBM, which has identified a number of economic sectors
and technologies which may deserve priority attention, based on a
number of criteria which include, inter alia, the relative
contribution of each sector to emissions, the projected sectoral
growth in emissions, and an estimate of the potential to reduce
emissions in the sector, as identified in the Second Assessment
Report. The paper will summarize technical information about the
technologies contained in the Second Assessment Report, assess
constraints which appear to limit the application of the technologies
and activities identified by the AGBM, and analyse possible options
for encouraging wider application of these technologies and
activities;
(ii) Modelling of stabilization scenarios consistent with
Article 2. This paper will aim to present the implications, in
terms of emissions (and the associated economic cost), of a range of
greenhouse gas stabilization targets (in terms of level and timing).
The range of stabilization scenarios will be chosen to encompass a
range of climate outcomes in terms of: rate of change of global
temperature and sealevel, and absolute maximum values of global
temperature and sealevel increase. Work will continue for a possible
Special Report on the subject to be completed circa 1998;
(iii) Environmental implications of emission limitations.
This paper will assess the effects of a variety of proposed control
strategies or protocols on temperature, sealevel and other attributes
of climate;
(iv) Simple climate models. This will explain to
non-experts how a simple climate model represents the climate system,
what it can do, and what it cannot do (for example, detailed regional
projections). It can be used in conjunction with the Second
Assessment Report to obtain a better understanding of how climate and
sealevel projections are derived.
(b) Technical papers for completion by February 1997:
(i) Regional impacts of climate change. This paper will
comprise a series of 'fact sheets' (each approximately five pages
long) summarizing potential regional vulnerabilities to changes in
climate. The bulk of the information will be drawn from the IPCC
Working Group II (WG II) report, and will synthesize and clarify the
key vulnerabilities and potential impacts discussed in the Second
Assessment Report. It will also incorporate inputs from the reports
of the IPCC WGs I and III;
(ii) Methodological and technological aspects of technology
transfer. This paper will assess experience with a variety of
arrangements which have brought about transfer of technology, from
commercial agreements among private sector firms, to transfers
facilitated through support from Government or multilateral
institutions. Analysis of capacity building information networks, and
training to sustain application of technologies will also be
included.
(c) Technical papers on which decision was deferred:
(i) Evaluation of technologies. Proposals for a process of
technology assessment will be discussed at the twelfth session of the
IPCC in September 1996;
(ii) Impacts of response measures. Action was deferred
pending further study and consideration.
Workshops
18. The IPCC will organize the following workshops in the course
of its 1996-1997 programme in support of UNFCCC activities:
(a) Workshop on the Preparation of Regional Climate Projections
for Impact. This workshop will be held in London from 24 to 26
September 1996. It will be a meeting of modelling communities
(including emissions, climate, and impacts) to develop
recommendations for regional climate projections for the impact
assessment for use in the preparation of the Third Assessment
Report;
(b) Workshops on Integrated Assessment Modelling. These
will be held in France (October 1996) and Japan (March 1997);
(c) Workshop on Adaptation Measures. This workshop, as
follow-up to (a) above, will be held in Canada at a date yet to be
decided in 1997.
19. In addition, three meetings of experts have been organized on
emissions inventory methodologies. These are part of the ongoing work
programme on inventory methodologies aimed at submitting revised
methodologies to the twelfth session of the IPCC.
Special reports
20. As mentioned above, requests for special reports including
that on detection of climate change will be considered by the twelfth
session of the IPCC in September 1996.
21. It should be noted that the SBSTA at its second session
requested the secretariat to take these activities as the basis for
proposing a financial contribution to the IPCC in 1996, as provided
in the Convention budget. In accordance with this, the contribution
to the IPCC, in the amount of US$310,600, is scheduled to be paid
later in the year (see FCCC/CP/1996/7, para. 21).
22. The SBSTA is to develop proposals on its longer-term
activities and organizational arrangements, and to report these to
COP 2. At its second session, the SBSTA requested the secretariat to
present a longer-term work programme to the third session of the
SBSTA on the basis of the principles laid out in the annotated agenda
of the second session of the SBSTA, taking into account comments from
Parties, as well as the need for coordination with the SBI.
23. Consequently, the secretariat has developed a tentative
approach for the next four sessions of the SBSTA, which are scheduled
as follows:
Third session - During COP 2, 9-16 July 1996, Geneva
Fourth session - 16-18 December 1996, Geneva
Fifth session - 24-28 February 1997, Bonn
Sixth session - During the fourth quarter of 1997 in conjunction
with the third session of the COP
A further brief session of the SBSTA may need to be held during
the third quarter of 1997, to prepare recommendations for action by
COP 3. This has not been included in the planning yet.
24. Following is a short discussion of the way different agenda
items might be addressed at the forthcoming sessions of the SBSTA.
The schedule is compatible with the programme of work of the SBI, as
described in FCCC/SBI/1996/11. The discussion is summarized in a
table at the end of this section.
(a) Reports from and cooperation with the IPCC
25. The SBSTA agreed to have a discussion of the Second Assessment
Report of the IPCC at its third session. The IPCC is preparing
technical reports for the SBSTA which will become available before
the fourth and fifth sessions. Furthermore, the twelfth session of
the IPCC in September 1996 will make decisions regarding further
work; these may be considered by the SBSTA at its fifth session.
Progress may also be considered briefly at the sixth session.
(b) Research and observation issues
26. At the request of the SBSTA, the secretariat intends to
provide a summary report on research and observation issues. The
SBSTA might take note of this document and request the secretariat to
do some further work, for consideration at one of its future
sessions, for example, the fifth.
(c) National communications from Annex I Parties
27. The SBSTA at its third session should consider guidelines for
preparing national communications from Annex I Parties. At its fourth
session, the SBSTA may need to continue its consideration to resolve
any outstanding issues, for example, methodological issues regarding
inventories. The experience with the revised guidelines could be
discussed at a later session.
(d) National communications from non-Annex I Parties
28. The SBSTA at its third session would continue its
consideration of guidelines for non-Annex I Parties. Methodological
issues regarding inventories may need some consideration at SBSTA 4,
and the experience with the guidelines may be discussed at a later
session of the SBSTA, such as the sixth.
(e) Methodological issues
29. The secretariat is organizing a joint effort with relevant
international organizations, including the IPCC, to improve the basis
for national communications with respect to a broad range of
methodologies. The report of a workshop is expected to be available
at the fourth session of the SBSTA; at that session, the SBSTA may
also consider proposals from the twelfth session of the IPCC for
methodological work. Further progress could be discussed at a future
SBSTA session, for example, the sixth.
(f) Activities implemented jointly under the pilot
phase
30. The third session of the SBSTA will have before it an initial
information about activities implemented jointly which it may take
note of. It may also decide on a work programme including workshops
on methodological issues which would provide a basis for further
discussions at the fourth and fifth session of the SBSTA. At the
sixth session, the SBSTA and the SBI, meeting in conjunction with the
third session of the COP, will prepare a synthesis report on
activities implemented jointly under the pilot phase, for
consideration by the COP at its third session. This should enable the
COP to take an appropriate decision on the continuation of the pilot
phase.
(g) Development and transfer of technologies
31. A follow-up report on work regarding technologies will be
presented to the SBSTA at its third session. Several activities have
been started and results will become available in the course of the
year. A brief discussion may be scheduled for the fourth session with
a fuller consideration at the fifth. Further progress could be
reviewed at the sixth session.
(h) Mechanisms for non-governmental organization
consultations
32. A report on the workshop held during the second session of the
SBSTA will be available at the third session of the SBSTA. The SBSTA
may wish to take note of this report, and discuss how to proceed on
this issue, for example, aiming at a fuller discussion at the fourth
or fifth session. Further consideration might take place at the sixth
session.
(i) Establishment of a roster of experts
33. The establishment of a roster of experts will be considered by
the SBSTA at its third session. Depending on decisions to be taken by
the COP regarding technical panels, the programme of work and
organizational arrangements might be a routine item with a brief
discussion before a COP meeting.
(j) Programme of work and organizational arrangements
34. The following table summarizes the tentative work programme,
as defined by the SBSTA at its second session, distinguishing
between:
items to be discussed in substance (indicated by XXX);
items to be discussed briefly, for example, with the aim of
deciding on further work or giving guidance to the secretariat
(indicated by XX);
items on which progress will be noted (indicated by X).
Agenda item |
Third |
Fourth |
Fifth |
Sixth |
A. Scientific assessments 1. Reports from and cooperation with IPCC |
|
|
|
|
2. Research and observation issues |
Xc |
X |
XXX |
X |
B. National communications 1. Annex I 2. Non-Annex I 3. Methodological issues |
XXX X |
XX XXX |
X X |
XXX XXX |
C. Activities implemented jointly under the pilot phase |
XXX |
XX |
XX |
XXX |
D. Development and transfer of technology |
X |
XX |
XXX |
XX |
E. Mechanisms for NGO consultations |
XX |
X |
XXX |
XX |
F. Programme of work and organizational arrangements |
|
|
|
|
Notes:
a XXX Indicates items to be discussed in substance.
b XX Indicates items to be discussed briefly.
c X Indicates items on which progress will be
noted.
OF EXPERTS FOR THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TECHNICAL
This annex is a synthesis of comments submitted by Parties, and
added to by the secretariat on the basis of the Convention and
information from other bodies.
The Parties identified the following general attributes of
potential experts:
Person of integrity
Unbiased
Scientific and technical expert
Knowledgeable about regional issues
Knowledgeable about related activities in other organizations, for example, IPCC
Serving in personal capacity
Private or public sector employee
Government-nominated
Other, for example, relevant publications, professional
experience, and project experience.
Three categories have been identified that could serve as a basis
for nominations, namely:
(a) Sectors and types of countries or regions identified
in the Convention, particularly Article 4.1, 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10, for
example:
Economic or impact sectors
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Waste management
Coastal zone
Water resource
Health
Types of countries or regions
Small island countries
Countries with low-lying coastal areas
Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest decay
Countries with areas prone to natural disasters
Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification
Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution
Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountain ecosystems
Countries whose economies are dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products
Land-locked and transit countries
Least developed countries
(b) Disciplines
Atmospheric science
Biological science
Chemistry
Climate science, including modelling
Computer science
Ecology
Economics and finance
Engineering
Environmental science
Finance
Law
Marine Science
Medicine
Philosophy
Physical science
Policy analysis
Social science
(c) Tasks assigned to the Convention bodies and the
secretariat, (1)
and (2) for
example:
Development of guidelines
Development of methodologies
Review of the financial mechanism
Special reports and papers, for example:
- innovative technologies
- policies and measures
- technology transfer
Consideration of the adequacy of the Convention
Assessments of the state of scientific knowledge
A ROSTER OF EXPERTS
(a) Establishment of the roster
Flexible so as to support future tasks
Parties should each nominate [5], [6], [10] experts
Nominations should be accompanied by a curriculum vitae
Secretariat should maintain a public register
Nominations to be adjusted every year or for special tasks
Nominees to serve [1], [2], [3] years
On an interim basis
As per the design of the Convention on Biological
Diversity
(b) Use of the
roster
Advisory; not for policy recommendations
For specific tasks identified by the subsidiary bodies, assigned to the secretariat or assigned to the intergovernmental technical advisory panel(s), if established
To reflect special circumstances of developing countries
To reflect geographical and Annex I/non-Annex I country balance
To provide added value; not for tasks being undertaken by other organizations, for example, IPCC
Should be reassessed after one year or some other period of
time
The following list of potential areas of expertise was
submitted by Parties.
Methodology areas
(a) Emission inventories
(b) Estimating the effects of measures on national or global emissions
(c) Projecting future emissions
(d) Allocating emissions (bunker fuels, electricity exports, etc.)
(e) Reporting guidelines on activities implemented jointly
(f) Evaluating climate impacts
(g) Evaluating mitigation options
(h) Evaluating technology needs
(i) Financial reporting
(j) Technology transfer
(k) Demand side management
(l) Treatment of hydrocarbon feedstocks converted to non-CO2 products (plastics)
(m) "Preprocessing" of raw material or semi-finished products
(n) Energy content of exports and imports
Technology areas (3)
(a) Innovative technologies
(b) Adaptation technologies
(c) Energy technologies
supply
renewables
industrial demand
hydrogen fuel-cell
wind, passive solar, solar hot water, integrated photovoltaic cells
high efficiency electricity generation
efficient electricity distribution systems
efficient cooking technologies
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning design and control
window technology
clean coal technology
natural gas technology
electro-technologies
methane recovery from coal mines and petroleum extraction
(d) Agricultural technologies and practices
efficient feeding practices for livestock
(e) Forest management practices
(f) Transportation technologies
efficient automobiles
alternative and hybrid fuel vehicles
low emission fuels
efficient mass transportation systems
efficient aircraft and marine systems
transportation control systems
(g) Other
recycling, reuse, and source reduction
methane recovery from landfills
efficient water purification, reuse and recycling technologies
efficient construction practices
industry benchmarking and information on best practices
Policies and measures
(4)
(a) Emission trading systems
(b) Market pull measures
(c) Efficiency or emission standards
(d) Research, development and demonstration incentives
(e) Emission fees
(f) Resource user fees (land, water, forest, minerals)
(g) Revenue recycling
1. See appendix for further details.
2. In-depth reviews are not included in this list, since Parties already nominate experts under decision 2/CP.1.
3. Parties may also wish to refer to document FCCC/SBSTA/1996/4 and Add.1.
4. Parties may also wish to refer to document FCCC/AGBM/1995/6.