GENERAL
FCCC/AGBM/1995/5
25 October 1995
ENGLISH ONLY
AD HOC GROUP ON THE BERLIN MANDATE
Second session
Geneva, 30 October - 3 November 1995
Items 3 and 4 of the provisional agenda
Paragraphs Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1 - 4 2
II. SCOPE OF THE NOTE AND ACTION BY THE AD HOC
GROUP ON THE BERLIN MANDATE 5 - 8 3
Compilation of relevant literature 4
A.I. Reports submitted by Parties 1 - 3 4
A.II. Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4 5
A.III. Reports by other United Nations agencies 5 - 29 5
A.IV. Reports by other intergovernmental organizations 30 - 51 12
Appendix
Additional reports by international organizations 18
GE.95-
1. At its first session, the Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate
(AGBM) pointed to the wide array of currently available information
relevant to the Berlin Mandate process, and to the analysis and
assessment in particular. The entities responsible for such
information were invited to make this information available to the
AGBM to assist in the process (FCCC/AGBM/1995/2, para. 19 (g) and
(h)). The AGBM requested the secretariat to prepare for the second
session an annotated compilation of information relevant to the
Berlin Mandate process (FCCC/AGBM/1995/2, para. 19 (h)(ii)). This
annotated compilation will be updated for future sessions as
additional information becomes available to the
secretariat.
2. In compiling relevant material, the secretariat has taken the
following approach:
(a) Information compiled in document A/AC.237/83 is not explicitly
repeated in this document but should be considered as implicit in the
present compilation;
(b) Information currently under consideration by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has not been
included; it will be included in subsequent editions once approved
and available to the secretariat. Some information on the IPCC
Special Report, 1994 has been included in this
compilation;
(c) Reports submitted by Parties pursuant to a communication by
the Executive Secretary dated 13 September 1995 have been taken into
consideration in the preparation of this compilation;
(d) Approximately 30 intergovernmental organizations were invited
to submit relevant material. Any information received has been taken
into consideration, taking into account paragraphs 3 and 5
below;
(e) In a limited number of cases, information from
intergovernmental organizations which is available in the reference
unit of the climate change secretariat but which had not been
specifically identified by the organization concerned, has also been
included.
3. The secretariat was hampered by a number of constraints in the
preparation of this document, principally the limited time between
the first and the second sessions. In addition, it sometimes proved
difficult to obtain copies of documents in time to draft
annotations.
4. One non-governmental organization, the Edison Electric Institute, provided copies of a number of studies it considered relevant to the Berlin Mandate process.
ON THE BERLIN MANDATE
5. The annotations consist of descriptions of the contents of
compiled documents: they are not intended to summarize the
information provided in the document but to give an indication of the
issues addressed. In some cases, the annotations were provided by the
submitting organization; in others they were prepared by the
secretariat. In no case should they be interpreted as representing
the views of the secretariat. Some documents that have been made
available are not annotated but are only listed (see appendix). In
some cases, this was for technical reasons or shortage of time; in
others, it was because the scope of the document was too
limited.
6. The compilation should not be seen as an exhaustive listing of
relevant documents but as an initial attempt to assist the AGBM in
identifying and considering the wide range of information relevant to
the Berlin Mandate process that is currently available. The
secretariat continues to welcome suggestions for additional relevant
information which could be used in the preparation of any future
editions of the annotated compilation.
7. The AGBM is invited to make use of this compilation at its
second session as background information to the discussion under
items 3 and 4 of the provisional agenda.
8. The AGBM is further invited to provide guidance to the
secretariat on the approach used and on the preparation of any
further editions. Bearing in mind the resource-intensive nature of
this work and the benefits derived therefrom, the AGBM may wish to
indicate the priority to be attached to it.
Protecting the earth: A status report with recommendations
for a new energy policy, German Bundestag (ed.), Bonn, 1991.
2 Vols. Third Report Of The Enquete Commission Of The 11th German
Bundestag "Preventive Measures To Protect The Earth's
Atmosphere".
1. This two-volume, 1600-page study was prepared by the Enquete
Commission of the German Bundestag. It examines both national and
international measures designed to reduce energy-related emissions of
greenhouse gases in a number of sectors. Issues such as energy
efficiency, renewable energy, fuel substitution and nuclear power are
addressed, reflecting, in some instances, a range of opinions. The
study includes some analysis of the potentials of individual emission
reduction measures until 2005 and 2050.
Climate change - threat to global development: acting now
to safeguard the future, German Bundestag (ed.), Bonn:
Economica Verlag; Karlsruhe: Verlag Müller, 1992. First Report
Submitted By The Enquete Commission Of The 12th German Bundestag
"Preventive Measures To Protect The Earth's Atmosphere".
2. This study, a continuation of earlier work (see above), while
focusing on the science of Climate Change and on possible impacts,
also includes some discussion of quantified objectives and
time-frames. It also reviews some measures being implemented or
proposed at the national, regional and global levels. Particular
attention is paid to the energy, transport forestry and agricultural
sectors.
Protecting our green earth: how to manage global warming
through environmentally sound farming and preservation of the world's
forests, German Bundestag (ed.), Bonn: Economica Verlag,
1995. Third Report Submitted By The Enquete Commission Of The 12th
German Bundestag "Preventive Measures To Protect The Earth's
Atmosphere".
3. This study examines the contributions of the forest and
agriculture sectors to Climate Change in terms of sectoral greenhouse
gas emissions. In addition, it discusses the possible impacts of
Climate Change on these sectors. Ways and means of reducing emissions
of CO2, CH4 and N2O in from
agriculture are analysed. Much of the discussion relating to forests
is addressed to the international context, including that with regard
to possible mitigation actions. The study includes differing views of
Commission members where these existed.
(IPCC), JOINTLY ESTABLISHED BY THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION (WMO) AND THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAMME (UNEP)
Summaries for Policymakers and Other Summaries,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva (Switzerland),
1994. See 3.1 A Report of Working Group III of the IPCC: an
evaluation of the IPCC IS92 emission scenarios, pp. 41 -
46.
4. Six scenarios provide estimates of direct and indirect
greenhouse gas emissions, by source, for four regions over the period
1990 - 2100 and cover a wide range of values for key input
assumptions. This evaluation deals mostly with non-intervention
scenarios that do not assume any climate policies to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions (although they may assume emission controls
for other environmental reasons). The recommendations of the working
group include the following:
New reference scenarios are needed to explore a variety of
economic development pathways.
Policy scenarios are needed to explore a variety of climate
policies, instruments and programmes, already developed or yet to be
developed, and their results in terms of greenhouse gas emission
reductions.
Endogenous capacity building is crucial. Special effort is needed
to improve the capabilities of researchers to analyse and develop
scenarios, especially in developing countries and in countries with
economies in transition.
Report of the Secretary-General on "Structural change in
the world economy: implications for energy use and air
emissions". (A/47/388)
5. The report is a topic oriented study on selected aspects of
long-term structural change in the world economy, energy use and
consequent emissions of CO2, SO2, and
NOx. Projections of production and air emissions to the
year 2020, under different scenarios for economic growth, make
particular reference to the energy-intensive economic sectors. Future
changes in the world economy are determined by the projected trends
in the level and composition of investment, foreign trade and
consumption, and by the assumed interregional patterns of moderated
technology infusion. These trends in turn determine different rates
of growth of economic activities, and thus of energy and materials
requirements and levels of air emissions via the inter-industry
relationships among and within regions.
Report of the Secretary-General on "Changing global energy
patterns". (E/C.13/1994/2)
6. The report analyses changes in global energy consumption and
production patterns. Energy consumption is expected to increase at
higher rates in developing countries than in the developed market
economies. By the year 2020, the share of developing countries in the
consumption of fossil fuels may reach 48 per cent of the total world
consumption, from the current level of 28 per cent. High energy
intensities are expected to continue in developing countries in view
of the higher growth rates in economic output. A rapid rise in global
energy consumption, especially of fossil fuels, gives rise to
environmental concerns.
Report of the Committee for New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development on its first session.
(E/1994/25)
7. The United Nations Committee for New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development, at its first session,
discussed, inter alia, energy and sustainable development,
including the linkages between energy and development; environment;
security and finite resources; issues concerning overall energy
development, with particular emphasis on developing countries; new
and renewable sources of energy; and efficient utilization of energy
resources; and development of strategies for future energy systems
compatible with sustainable development and policies for their
implementation.
Report of the Committee for New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development on its special session.
(E/1995/25)
8. The United Nations Committee for New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development met in a special session in
order to provide advice on energy for rural development to the
Commission on Sustainable Development at its third session, to
initiate and encourage a process of environmentally sound energy
transition in rural communities, from unsustainable energy sources to
structured and diversified energy sources, by making available
alternative new and renewable sources of energy. The Committee
concentrated on recommendations for sustainable energy in the rural
areas of developing countries, including small island developing
States.
Report of the Secretary-General on "Changing consumption
and production patterns". (E/CN.17/1995/13)
9. The report identifies the environmental, social and economic
impacts of present production and consumption patterns, including a
summary of recent projections and studies, as well as an analysis of
policy measures aimed at promoting sustainable production and
consumption patterns with a focus on the use of economic instruments.
It also reviews recent experiences of a selected number of countries
and organizations in changing unsustainable production and
consumption patterns, including measures taken toward reduction of
CO2 emissions.
Combating global warming: possible rules, regulations and
administrative arrangements for a global market in CO2
emission entitlements, Tietenberg, T.; Victor, David;
Sandor, Richard; Cole, Joseph; Kelly, Eileen, Geneva (Switzerland),
1994, UNCTAD/GID/8
10. This paper suggests that a global warming agreement be
concluded among an initial group of participants (the United States,
the European Union and Japan). The agreement would specify the
conditions under which other signatories could participate in a
proposed tradeable CO2 entitlement programme. It argues
that economic history and theory, as well as the early experience of
the SO2 entitlement programme, suggest that such a
programme will provide the least cost solution to the global warming
problem.
11. An essential component of effective implementation is the
development of clear legal and statutory authority for the
international trading and transfer of CO2 emission
credits. An international clearing house must also be established.
Trading in CO2 emission credits will naturally gravitate
to the most efficient, least cost trading forum. The design of an
international market place should encourage competition between the
various trading forums, such as organized exchanges, electronic
trading systems and over-the-counter mechanisms.
12. The paper makes recommendations for the development of a global market for the trading of CO2 emission credits in order to stimulate debate and promote further development of the concept.
Controlling carbon dioxide emissions: the tradeable permit
system, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
Geneva (Switzerland), 1995, UNCTAD/GID/11
13. Studies on tradeable CO2 emission entitlements
focus on the themes of feasibility and implementation. Extensive
research has helped to clarify the former, while the latter has
become a matter of overriding concern for Governments, international
organizations, and non-governmental organizations, all seeking
practical, cost-efficient mechanisms to deal with global and
environmental problems and their financing.
14. The studies carried out by the UNCTAD secretariat have shown that tradeable permits are both an efficient means of controlling CO2 emissions at minimum cost, and an effective mechanism for transferring resources to developing countries and to countries in transition to help them to contribute to the international effort to abate emissions of greenhouse gases. They have also revealed that a viable implementation strategy should begin with a simple pilot scheme based on the joint implementation of commitments, a facet of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and evolve gradually to a more complete system on the basis of 'learning by doing'. Some of the major emitters need to act as pioneers.
Climate change and energy efficiency in
industry, United Nations Environment Programme,
Industry and Environment Office; International Petroleum Industry
Environmental Conservation Association, Paris; London,
1991
15. This publication is devoted to climate change and
industry. In addition to a number of reports on activities from
several organizations and countries, it includes short articles on
subjects such as clean coal technologies, energy efficiency, climatic
architecture, power development, innovative energy technologies and
the insurance industry.
UNEP greenhouse gas abatement costing studies:
analysis of abatement costing issues and preparation of a methodology
to undertake national greenhouse gas abatement costing studies: Phase
two report, United Nations Environment Programme,
Roskilde (Denmark), 1993
UNEP greenhouse gas abatement costing studies:
analysis of abatement costing issues and preparation of a methodology
to undertake national greenhouse gas abatement costing studies: Phase
two report: Appendix II: Country summaries,
United Nations Environment Programme, Roskilde (Denmark)
16. The UNEP project on developing a common methodological
approach for assessing the costs of limiting greenhouse gas emissions
was initiated in 1991 in a bid to improve understanding of the
subject, and to help lay the basis for national studies of the
economic issues which would be accepted as objective, accurate and
comparable between countries.
17. Economic studies of the issues have spanned a wide range, with some claiming that reducing CO2 emissions would cripple economies and seriously damage growth in developing countries. Others have suggested much more modest impacts and even net economic gains arising from increased energy system efficiency and reduced vulnerability to volatile fossil fuel prices. Furthermore, it has been evident for a long time that national economic assessments would come to play an important role in international negotiations, and that the methodologies used, and the comparability of different national studies, would become important issues.
Climate change and industry,
United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Environment,
Paris, 1994 (Industry and Environment; Vol.17,
No.1)
18. This publication provides initial guidance to industrial
management and Governments in exploring the potential benefits of
voluntary agreements to improved energy efficiency. It is essentially
an introduction to the process of energy auditing, supported by
practical examples. The approaches described draw on the extensive
experience of energy efficiency management in the international oil
industry, but the content focuses mainly on the small- to medium-
sized operations in many sectors of industry, particularly in
developing countries. This report does not address the question of
energy efficiency in the energy generation industry or in the heavy
industrial sector.
Transport and the environment,
United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Environment,
Paris, 1993 (Industry and Environment,Vol.16,
No.1-2)
19. The articles in this issue explore the theme of
sustainability, as stressed in Agenda 21, and its implications on the
transport industry. The articles reflect the diversity of opinion on
policy and technical options. They underline the need for more
intense dialogue between all parties, at the international and
national level.
Manual on financial engineering: sources of finance
for energy efficiency projects (1994),
ENERGY/WP.4/R.1
20. Many international institutions have financial resources
available for economic development in economies in transition,
including energy efficiency and environmental components. In this
manual the major institutions for financial help and bilateral aid
programmes as well as organizations which provide technical
assistance, are discussed. The manual is designed to provide a key
source of information about the sources of finance for energy
efficiency projects.
Manual on business planning: how to construct a
business plan for energy efficiency projects
(1994), ENERGY/WP.4/R.2
21. This book is intended to answer questions likely to be
raised by potential investors, sponsors and entrepreneurs considering
an approach to financial institutions. The manual aims to provide
information on financing methods adapted to the practices of the
market economy for countries in the process of transition to a market
economy, and who may have no tradition of these practices, or the
requirements needed to obtain money to finance their projects in a
commercial fashion.
The energy efficiency 2000 project and
energy-efficiency demonstration zones in eastern and central
Europe (1994), Natural Resources Forum 18 (4)
287-292
22. The concept behind the project is that environmental
conditions throughout Europe can be enhanced by the introduction of
energy-efficient technology in central and eastern Europe as existing
energy using systems wear out and are replaced. The project has
produced useful information on policies, technologies and databases
on experts and businesses working in this field. In order to achieve
this objective the project was designed to produce a professional
network, information exchange, a list of technologies, pilot projects
and the identification of energy-efficient practices.
Strategies and policies for air pollution abatement:
1995 review, UNECE, ECE/EB.AIR/44
23. This publication provides detailed information in a
tabular form on: ambient air quality standards, fuel quality
standards, and emission standards applied by Parties to the
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. It publishes
detailed data on emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia, volatile organic compounds, methane, carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. These data are provided for the years 1980 to 1994
and in the form of projections up to the year 2010. The different
sources of emissions are separated and maps show their geographic
distribution over Europe. The report also contains maps of Europe
showing critical loads of acidity, an indication of different
environmental sensitivities in different parts of
Europe.
Draft guidelines for a common strategy regarding
transport and the environment (1995),
ECE/RCTE/PC/10/REV.3
24. The Governments of the ECE countries have undertaken to
pursue the objective of sustainable transport development by helping
to reduce the negative impact of transport on the environment and to
promote the most environment-friendly modes of transport. In order to
achieve this objective, transport development policies and strategies
compatible with the protection of the environment and of health will
need to take into account environmental, economic and social costs
and benefits and to permit the internalization of external costs
using appropriate instruments.
25. This document contains the draft guidelines as agreed
upon by member States. These guidelines provide the basis for
Governments of the ECE countries to draw up transport policies and
programmes containing various types of measures, for example,
promoting stricter measures on vehicle emissions in urban and other
densely populated areas and ensuring that transport of dangerous
goods and hazardous wastes is made safer.
Energy efficiency demonstration zones in central and
eastern Europe: preparatory assistance phase
(RER/94/G41), (1995)
26. Following on from the development objective, the
immediate objective discussed in this paper is to implement viable
energy efficiency strategies in three demonstration zones - the aim
being to demonstrate, on a city-wide scale, the combined effect of
energy-efficient technology, energy pricing policy, favorable tariff
structures, advisory services, information campaigns, metering,
monitoring and controls, energy audits, tax incentives, grants and
government-guaranteed loan schemes, international technical
assistance and trade development programmes. The intention is to
replicate successful measures nationally once proven on a limited
scale.
Integrated assessment modelling of nitrogen compounds
(1995), UNECE, EB.AIR/WG.5/R.49, pp.
9-14
27. This report identifies conclusions and recommendations on
issues relating to the implications for air pollution as discussed at
the workshop on restructuring of energy systems. Specifically, the
conclusions provide projections of energy developments in central and
Eastern Europe, the potential effects of restructuring energy
systems, energy pricing, and costs and benefits.
International legal instruments on the protection of
the environment in the field of transport
(1995), ECE/RCTE/PC/9/REV.1
28. This document contains a first list of ECE agreements and regulations in force which establish specific international requirements and/or limits for the reduction of the environmental impacts of road transport. It also lists a number of related ECE resolutions in the field of inland water transport. With regard to other modes, a first list of relevant legal instruments, resolutions and norms has also been elaborated by the secretariat on the basis of information obtained from other international organizations.
African conference on policy options and responses to
climate change: conference statement, Stockholm
Environment Institute; African Centre for Technology Studies,
Stockholm; Nairobi, 1995. Also available in French (Record Number
1788)
29. The conference considered that Africa's ecosystems and
socio-economic systems are most valuable to possible adverse effects
of climate change. It is a statement relating to the potential
African positions on climate change, the building of capacity in
various areas, the additional funds required by African countries in
their contribution to international climate change mitigation
efforts, the access to appropriate technology, and the question of
joint implementation.
Markets for tradeable CO2 emission
quotas: principles and practice, Chichilnisky,
Graciela; Heal, Geoffrey, Paris, 1995, (Economics
Department Working Papers No. 153),
OCDE/GD(95)9
30. This paper reviews a range of issues relating to
tradeable carbon dioxide emission quotas (TEQs). It considers the
economic principles on which they are based and compares them with
the alternative carbon abatement policies, and reviews many aspects
of how tradeable quotas would be implemented in practice. It explains
why the issues are on the agenda and how they relate to current
issues such as joint implementation.
31. It argues that the principal alternative to a TEQ regime
is the adoption of carbon taxes: salient aspects of two policy
approaches are compared and combinations of these analysed. The
allocation of TEQs among participating countries is questioned and
issues connected with the implementation of TEQs, analysing questions
associated with design and management of a TEQ market,
addressed.
Energy efficiency and the
environment, OECD, Paris, 1991
32. This study reviews past energy efficiency developments
and policies and examines the future scope for energy efficiency. It
examines in detail the technical and market factors that are likely
to determine the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency improvements
in a range of end-use sectors. In addition, on the basis of available
country-specific studies of the scope and costs of energy efficient
strategies , it is possible to assess the macroeconomic impact of
measures designed to accelerate the penetration of energy efficient
technologies. Finally, the study points to areas for further work,
particularly in the terms of improved data and information on energy
use and on the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency
investments.
Dialogue with vehicle manufacturers: joint
declaration, ECMT, Paris, 1995,
CEMT/CM(95)5/FINAL
33. The Council of the European Conference of Ministers of
Transport (ECMT) and the vehicle manufacturing industry agreed on a
Declaration on reducing CO2 emissions from passenger
vehicles in ECMT countries. The objectives of this voluntary
agreement are to reduce fuel consumption of new cars and better
manage vehicle use. The Declaration identifies a number of measures
to be taken by Government (for example, provision of a policy
framework, encouraging new technologies and road traffic informatics
and improving fleet maintenance and replacement), by industry (for
example, developing, manufacturing and marketing new cars), and by
Government and industry jointly (for example, marketing, technology
development, public education and information). The Declaration also
provides for follow-up activities, including trend analysis and
reporting.
World energy outlook,
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
34. The 1995 edition of the World Energy
Outlook adds to the IEA's ongoing analysis of global
energy markets until the year 2010. This year's edition presents two
alternative scenarios: one which foresees capacity constraints which
will put upward pressure on energy prices; and a second which
examines the potential for energy savings to reduce the growth rate
of energy demand. In both cases, world energy demand will grow over
the next fifteen years, but more slowly than the rate of economic
growth. The importance of the global transportation sector is
examined in detail. The study also provides in-depth regional
analysis of longer term energy prospects in OECD North America, South
and Central America, Africa and South Asia. These regional studies
follow on the work presented in last year's outlook on the rapidly
changing Asia-Pacific regions and Central and Eastern Europe. The
Outlook includes some discussion related to the environmental
implications of the energy demand projections. This includes
projections of increasing CO2 emissions to 2010, with
some regional breakdowns. There is also some discussion of world
biomass consumption and renewable energy sources.
Energy policies of IEA countries: 1994
review, International Energy Agency, Paris,
1995
35. This 1994 edition contributes to the IEA's ongoing
analysis of countries' energy policies and market developments. It
reviews recent trends and developments in energy demand and supply,
efficiency, technology and environment. This year's edition includes:
critical reviews of all 23 IEA member countries, in-depth reviews of
Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg and Switzerland; a
synthesis report highlighting major energy policy developments and
market trends in IEA member countries and an overview of significant
energy developments elsewhere in the world; and an analysis of trends
in key energy indicators over a twenty year period.
Energy technologies to reduce CO2
emissions in Europe: prospects, competition, synergy (Petten, 11-12
April 1994), International Energy Agency, Paris,
1995
36. Even if currently available technologies are taken up to
a significant extent, they can only be expected to provide a partial
solution to the longer term concerns about global climate change. The
development and deployment of new and improved technologies will be
essential if atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are to be
reduced significantly. This volume of proceedings explores the
prospects in Europe for a wide range of new and improved energy
technologies, and examines the interrelationships between those
technologies over the longer term under a scenario of drastically
reduced CO2 emissions.
Global climate change: policy statement and potential
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: technical
report, International Energy Agency, Coal
Industry Advisory Board, Paris, 1991
37. This document consists of two parts: a policy statement
on the issue of global climate change and a technical report on the
potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The policy statement
focuses on key principles to be taken into account in developing
policies for dealing with global climate change policy, while the
technical report identifies coal technologies that can bring
substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. It also
quantifies the potential percentage reductions that can be achieved
if these technologies are widely deployed.
Energy prices and taxes,
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
38. This quarterly publication provides statistics on prices
and taxes on all energy sources and main consuming sectors and
selected data for some non-OECD countries. It includes details on
recent energy price developments, import and export prices, price
indices for crude oil, steam coal, caking coal and natural gas and
trade regulations and duties.
39. It provides energy end-use prices, taxes and price
indices in national currencies for all OECD countries and a number of
non-OECD countries for a number of products including automotive
fuels, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, electricity, natural gas,
steam coal, caking coal, and, where applicable, prices for industry,
electricity generation, and households.
Industry attitudes to steam cycle clean coal
technologies: survey of current status,
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
40. This study reviews the future prospects for coal-based
power generation, the current and likely future development of
pulverized fuel-firing and atmospheric fluidised bed combustion
units, and the future of steam cycle technologies, based on an
industry survey. Unlike other advanced clean coal technologies, these
technologies use a steam cycle (but no gas turbine) to convert heat
into power. The study shows that modern pulverized fuel plant can be
both clean and efficient, and is likely to be the technology chosen
by utilities throughout the world for the next generation of
coal-fired power plant.
41. This is the second of a proposed series of three publications. The first Industry attitudes to combined cycle clean coal technologies - survey of current status (IEA 1994) covered the current status of coal-based generation using combined cycle technologies (integrated gasification combined cycle and pressurized fluidised bed combustion). The third study in the series (to be published soon) will bring together the results and identify the way forward for advanced clean coal technologies.
Reconciling transportation, environmental and energy
issues (Budapest, 30 May - 1 June 1994),
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
42. Striking a balance to meet the crucial objectives of
transportation efficiency, environmental protection and energy
security was the theme of a conference held in Budapest in 1994,
where public and private-sector actors joined forces to seek ways to
develop and implement public transportation options that are clean,
fuel-efficient and environmentally sound.
Forthcoming:
Climate change policy initiatives. Volume II:
non-OECD countries 1994-1995 update,
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
43. This book will provide recent information on the
development of national policies to limit energy-related emissions of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases of some 20 non-OECD
countries (major developing countries and countries with economies in
transition). It will give details on these countries' energy sectors,
as well as trends in energy supply and consumption and related
CO2 emissions.
Comparing energy technologies,
International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995
44. This publication considers the state of the art in
methodologies for assessing and comparing energy technologies, and
the strengths and weaknesses of current practice. It presents
experts' reports on energy R&D approaches and assessment criteria
strategies in Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
the United Kingdom, the United States and the European
Union.
Policy aspects of renewable energy in OECD and
non-OECD countries, International Energy Agency,
Paris, 1995
45. This report will give a global view of policy prospects
for different renewable energy sources. It will provide a focused
assessment of current trends and the scope for future exploitation of
renewables in OECD countries and non-OECD
regions. Policy options that have been employed
to increase the use of renewable energies, as well as approaches that
might be appropriate for the future will be examined, taking into
account the changing nature of energy policy and the structure of
energy markets, especially with respect to electricity.
Voluntary actions for energy-related CO2
abatement, International Energy Agency, Paris,
1995
46. This study, the second in the series
energy and environment policy
analysis, will focus on the use of voluntary
approaches in IEA countries as a policy tool to achieve energy and
environmental goals, and their potential contribution to
achieving, inter alia, greenhouse gas
abatement objectives. The report will include a detailed annex on all
IEA member voluntary programmes and initiatives in this
area.
Energy taxation and economic
growth, Seymour, Adam; Mabro, Robert, Vienna,
1994 (Pamphlet Series; No.
30)
47. This report focuses on energy taxation, especially with
regard to oil, as a policy tool in developing countries. However, it
also addresses to some extent taxation issues related to
environmental externalities, including policy responses to climate
change. It also includes some case studies of energy, particularly
oil, taxation in developed countries, including environmental taxes.
The study's main thesis is that the case for oil taxation is being
promoted without due consideration for the central role of energy in
economic growth and development and its importance for the welfare of
citizens.
A study of a least-cost greenhouse gas abatement
strategy project (ALGAS), ADB
48. The objective of the ALGAS project is to help reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the Asian region. Key ALGAS
activities include:
Developing and improving the national and regional capacity
to prepare baseline inventories of GHG emissions and sinks to meet
the standards and requirements of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change;
Improving the reliability of GHG emission and sink
inventories for the region;
Developing national and regional capacities to identify,
formulate, and analyse GHG abatement initiatives for several Asian
countries (China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, and
Thailand);
Developing and implementing national and regional least-cost
GHG abatement strategies through the preparation of national
mitigation plans and a portfolio of viable, least-cost GHG abatement
projects that will dovetail the country's economic development
strategy.
Climate change in Asia: executive
summary, Qureshi, Ata (ed.); Hobbie, David (ed.),
Manila: Asian Development Bank, 1994 (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
Climate change in Asia: thematic
overview, Qureshi, Ata (ed.); Hobbie, David
(ed.), Manila: Asian Development Bank, 1994 (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
49. These studies investigate the implications of climate
change for coastal zones, agriculture, forestry, water resources,
energy and other vital sectors, in eight countries of the Asian
Pacific region, namely, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in
south Asia and Indonesia, Malaysia, Viet Nam and the Philippines in
south-east Asia. A volume containing a summary of these findings has
been devoted to a thematic overview of climate change implications
and responses for agriculture, forestry and land use, water resources
and coastal areas, national inventories of greenhouse gases
mitigation measures and socioeconomic impacts.
Summary report of the first coastal protection meeting, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme; South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, Apia (Western Samoa), 1994 , First Coastal Protection Meeting, 21-23 February 1994, Apia, Western Samoa
Summary report of the second coastal protection
meeting, South Pacific Regional Environment
Programme; South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, Suva (Fiji )
- Second Coastal Protection Meeting, 16-20 May 1994, Apia, Suva,
(Fiji)
50. SPREP in collaboration with South Pacific Applied
Geoscience Commission convened two workshops to examine the provision
of adequate coastal protection systems in the region. The meeting
considered options ranging from managing natural coastal systems
through to the use of man made structures and barriers to prevent
coastal erosion and degradation. Among its recommendations, the
participants identified the need for an integrated coastal zone
management programme to comnbat the problems identified.
Forthcoming:
51. SPREP is soon to compile a regional synthesis of eleven studies. These studies concentrate on the coastal environment, and include recommendations on minimizing the impact of sea-level rise on lagoons and coastal and near-shore land areas, but also focus on protecting greenhouse gas sinks such as oceans, coral reefs and forests. The reports also identifies areas where the strengthening of human resources may be required through recruitment of staff, training existing staff, or outside assistance.
Climate change in Asia: Malaysia,
Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian Development Bank,
1994, (Regional Study on Global Environmental
Issues)
Climate change in Asia: India,
Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian Development Bank,
1994, (Regional Study on Global Environmental
Issues)
Climate change in Asia:
Indonesia, Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian
Development Bank, 1994, (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
Climate change in Asia:
Philippines, Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian
Development Bank, 1994, (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
Climate change in Asia: Pakistan,
Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian Development Bank,
1994, (Regional Study on Global Environmental
Issues)
Climate change in Asia:
Bangladesh, Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian
Development Bank, 1994, (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
Climate change in Asia: Sri
Lanka, Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian
Development Bank, 1994, (Regional Study on Global
Environmental Issues)
Climate change in Asia: Viet Nam,
Qureshi, Ata (ed.), Manila: Asian Development Bank,
1994,(Regional Study on Global Environmental
Issues)
National response strategy for global climate change: People's Republic of China: final report of the technical assistance project, Argonne National Laboratory, East-West
Center; Tsinghua University, Argonne (Il), 1994.
Preparation of a national strategy on global climate change: Thailand, Thailand Development Research Institute; Thailand Environment Institute, Bangkok, 1993 - Draft final report
FAO Yearbook 1993: Forest Products 1982-1993 = FAO
Annuaire 1993: Produits Forestiers 1982-1993 = FAO
Anuario 1993: Productos Forestales 1982-1993,
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1995, (FAO
Statistics Series; No. 122, FAO Forestry Series; No.
28)
FAO Yearbook 1994: Production = FAO Annuaire 1994:
Production = FAO Anuario 1994: Produccion, Food and Agriculture
Organization, Rome, 1995 - (Vol. 48; FAO Statistics
Series; No. 125)
Global climatic change and agricultural production:
direct effects of changing hydrological and plant physiological
processes, United Nations. Food and Agriculture
Organization. Interdepartmental Group on Climate Change; United
Nations Environmental Programme, Rome, 1993. Highlights from an
Expert Consultation on Global Climatic Change and Agricultural
Production: Direct Effects of Changing Hydrological and Plant
Physiological Processes, 7-10 December 1993, Rome
World agriculture: towards 2010: an FAO
study, Alexandratos, Nikos (ed.), Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization; Chichester: John Wiley and Sons,
1995
Background paper prepared for the OECD workshop on
sustainable consumption and production: clarifying the concepts,
2-4 July 1995, Rosendal, Norway, OECD, Paris,
1995
Climate Change: designing a practical tax
system, OECD, Paris, 1992
Climate Change: designing a tradable permit
system, OECD, Paris, 1992
A comparison of carbon taxes in selected OECD countries, Haugland, T., Paris: OECD, 1993, (OECD Monographs Series)
The costs of cutting carbon emissions: results from global models, OECD, Paris, 1993
Developed countries views concerning environmentally
sound technology transfer and information,
Yakowitz, H., Paris, OECD, 1994. A paper presented to the UNCSD
workshop on the promotion and access to and dissemination of
information on environmentally sound technologies, Seoul,
Korea
The economic costs of reducing CO2
emissions, OECD, Paris, 1992,
(OECD Economic Studies; No.
19)
Economic instruments and climate
change, OECD, Paris, 1993
Electric vehicles: technology, performance and
potential, OECD, IEA, Paris, 1993
Energy conservation policies and technologies in
Japan: a survey, OECD, Paris, 1994
Environment-economy policy integration: a progress
report, OECD, Paris, 1995
(forthcoming)
Environmental taxes in OECD
countries, OECD, Paris, 1995
Global warming: economic dimensions and policy
responses, OECD, Paris, 1995
Global warming: the benefits of emission
abatement,
OECD, Paris, 1992
Greenhouse gas emissions: the energy
dimension, OECD, Paris, 1991
Internalising the social costs of
transport, OECD, ECMT, Paris, 1994
Motor vehicle pollution: reduction strategies beyond
2010, OECD, Paris, 1995
OECD government experts meeting on climate change:
annotated agenda and issues paper, OECD, Paris,
1993, Env/epoc(93)13
OECD workshop on development assistance and
technology co-operation for cleaner industrial production in
developing countries, OECD, Paris, 1994,
OECD/GD(95)42
Promoting cleaner production in developing countries:
the role of development assistance, OECD, Paris,
1995 (Forthcoming)
Accounting for sustainable forestry management: a
case study, United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development, Geneva, 1994, UNCTAD/DTCI/4
Climate Change and water management in Latin America
and the Caribbean, Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1993, LC/R.1274
Ecosystem and socioeconomic response to future
climatic conditions in the marine and coastal regions of the
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and the north-east coast of
South America, Maul, George A., Kingston: United
Nations Environment Programme. Caribbean Environment Programme, 1993,
(CEP Technical Report; No.
22)
La convencion marco del cambio climatico: una
aproximacion a la luz de las prioridades de America Latina y el
Caribe. Parte II: los instrumentos internacionales para la proteccion
de la capa de ozono. Parte III: los posibles mecanismos de
transferencia de tecnologia, Comisión
Económica Para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago,
1994 , LC/R.1367/ADD.1
La convencion marco del cambio climatico: una
aproximacion a la luz de las prioridades de America Latina y el
Caribe. Parte I: el escenario actual,
Comisión Económica Para América Latina y el
Caribe, Santiago, 1994, LC/R.1367
Possible climatic changes in Latin America and the
Caribbean and their consequences, Economic
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1990,
LC/L.580(SEM.56/4)
Report on the meeting of the expert group responsible for studying the possible effects of climate change on the water resources of Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1994, LC/R.1371(SEM.72/3). Unofficial translation of document LC/G.1798(SEM.72/3)
1994 report of the Economics Options Committee: 1995
assessment, United Nations Environment Programme.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
Nairobi, 1994
Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1994
assessment, United Nations Environment Programme.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
Nairobi, 1994
Scientific assessment of ozone depletion:
1994, United Nations Environment Programme.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
Nairobi, 1994
Impact of expected climate change on
mangroves, UNESCO; United Nations Environment
Programme, Paris, 1993, (UNESCO Reports in Marine
Science ; No. 61).- Report of the First Meeting of
the UNEP-UNESCO Task Team, 1-3 June 1992, Rio De Janeiro,
Brasil
International meeting of scientific and technical
experts on climate change and oceans, 19-21 July 1991,
Malta, UNESCO. Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, Paris, 1992 - IOC/STECCO/3
IOC committee for the Global Ocean Observing System
(GOOS): First Session, 16-19 February 1993,
Paris, UNESCO, Paris, 1993,
IOC/GOOS-I/3
Les zones arides dans les programmes de
l'UNESCO, Skouri, Mohamed (ed.), Paris: UNESCO,
1995
Second international meeting of scientific and
technical experts on climate change and the oceans, 6-8 October 1994,
Malta, UNESCO. Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, Paris, 1995, IOC/STECCO-II/3
Sixth planning meeting on world climate programme -
water (Wallingfor, 1-5 March 1993), World
Meteorological Organization; UNESCO, Geneva, 1995
(World Climate Applications and Services Programme;
WCASP-29, WMO/TD; No. 609)
Using archival resources for climate history
research, Dhérent, Catherine;
Petit-Renaud, Gérard, Paris: UNESCO. International
Hydrological Programme, 1994, SC-94/WS.6; IHP-IV
World conference on natural disaster reduction:
scientific and technical poster session, 23-27 May 1994, Yokohama,
Japan, Italian National Agency for New
Technology, Energy, and the Environment; UNESCO, Rome, 1994, Abstract
of Sessions
Annual bulletin on the climate in WMO region VI -
Europe and Middle East, 1994, World
Meteorological Organization. World Climate Data and Monitoring
Programme; European Climate Support Network; Deutscher Wetterdienst,
Geneva, 1994
Atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP):
intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation
models (results from an AMIP diagnostic
subproject), World Climate Research Programme,
Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1995,
(World Climate Research Programme;
WCRSP-88), WMO/TD - NO. 661
Clivar: a study of climate variability and
predictability: science plan, World Climate
Research Programme. Clivar Scientific Steering Group, Geneva: World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1995, (World
Climate Research Programme; WCASP-29) WMO/TD - No.
690
Cloud-radiation interactions and their
parameterization in climate models, 18-20 October 1993, Camp Springs,
USA, World Climate Research Programme, Geneva:
World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1994,
(World Climate Research Programme;
WCRSP-86), WMO/TD - No. 648
Data and information management plan: version 1.0, World Meteorological Organization. Global Climate Observing System, Geneva, 1995, (Global Climate Observing System Report;
No. 13), WMO/TD - No. 677
Plan for space-based observations: version
1.0, World Meteorological Organization. Global
Climate Observing System, Geneva, 1995, (Global
Climate Observing System Report; No. 15), WMO/TD -
No. 684
Plan for the global climate observing system (GCOS):
Version 1.0, World Meteorological Organization.
Global Climate Observing System, Geneva, 1995, (Global
Climate Observing System Report; No. 14), WMO/TD -
No. 681
Proceedings of the workshop on Global Coupled General
Circulation Models, 10-12 October 1994, La Jolla,
USA, World Climate Research Programme, Geneva:
World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1995,
(World Climate Research Programme;
WCRSP-87),WMO/TD - No. 655
Report of the WMO workshop on the measurement of
atmospheric optical depth and turbidity, 6-10 December 1993, Silver
Spring, USA, World Meteorological Organization.
Global Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995, (Environmental
Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme Report Series; No.
101), WMO/TD - No. 659
Report of the workshop on UV-B for the Americas,
22-26 August 1994, Buenos Aires, Argentina, World
Meteorological Organization. Global Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995.
(Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research
Programme Report Series; No. 100), WMO/TD - No.
650
Report of the WMO meeting of experts on global carbon
monoxide measurements, 7-11 February 1994, Boulder,
USA, World Meteorological Organization. Global
Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995, (Environmental
Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme Report Series ; No.
98), WMO/TD - No. 645
Report of the Fourth WMO meeting of experts on the
quality assurance/science activity centers (QA/SACS) of the global
atmosphere watch, jointly held with the first meeting of the
coordinating committees of IGAC-GLONET and IGAC-ACE,
Garmisch-partenkirchen, Germany, 13-17 March
1995, World Meteorological Organization. Global
Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995, (Environmental
Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme Report Series; No.
104), WMO/TD - No. 689
Report of the Meeting of Experts on the
WMOWorld Data Centres, 17-18 February 1995, Toronto,
Canada, World Meteorological Organization. Global
Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995, 17 P.: Tab., Fig.
(Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research
Programme Report Series; No. 103), WMO/TD - No.
679
Scientific assessment of ozone depletion:
1994, World Meteorological Organization. Global
Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, 1995,
(Report No. 37)
Status of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme
as at 31 December 1993. World Meteorological
Organization. Global Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, 1995,
(Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research
Programme Report Series; No. 99), WMO/TD - No.
636
The global climate system review: climate system
monitoring, June 1991 - November 1993, World
Meteorological Organization. World Climate Data and Monitoring
Programme; United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva,
1995
The changing ozone layer, Bojkov,
Rumen D.- Geneva (Switzerland): World Meteorological Organization;
United Nations Environment Programme, 1995
WMO statement on the status of the global climate in
1994, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva
(Switzerland), 1995 - WMO -
No.826