16 December 1996
ENGLISH ONLY
SUBSIDIARY BODY FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE
Fifth session
Bonn, 25-28 February 1997
Item 7 of the provisional agenda
By its decision 7/CP.2 (FCCC/CP/1996/15/Add.1), the Conference of
the Parties, at its second session, requested the Convention
secretariat to give high priority to the development and completion
of a survey of the initial technology needs, as well as technology
information needs, of Parties not included in Annex I to the
Convention, with a view to providing a progress report to the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice at its fourth
session. The COP also urged non-Annex I Parties to communicate
initial information to the Convention secretariat not later than 1
December 1996 regarding technologies and know-how required to address
climate change and its adverse effects that could be compiled by the
secretariat into a detailed list of technology needs required by
developing country Parties, taking into account that more elaborate
technology needs would be included in their initial national
communications.
In regard to the latter request, the secretariat has received a
submission from China. In accordance with the procedure for
miscellaneous documents, this submission is attached and reproduced
in the languages in which it was received without formal editing. Any
further submissions from Parties will be issued in an addendum to the
present document.
In regard to the first request, the secretariat has initiated a
survey of the technology needs of 20 Parties not included in Annex I,
to obtain preliminary information and to test a survey instrument.
The secretariat will provide information on the results of this
survey at the fifth session of the SBSTA.
FCCC/SBSTA/1997/MISC.1
GE.96-64745
Department of Treaties and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
225 Chaonei Street, Beijing 100701 Tel (8610) 6525 5520 Fax
(8610) 6513 4505
14 November 1996
Mr. Michael Zammit Cutajar
Executive Secretary
Climate Change Secretariat
PO BOX 26Ol24
D-53753
Bonn
Germany
Dear Mr. Cutajar,
I have the honour to communicate to you the initial information
regarding technologies and know-how required to address climate
change and its adverse effects, in accordance with the decision taken
at COP2 on development and transfer of technologies. Please find
enclosed a List of Technologies for that purpose.
With regards.
Yours sincerely,
CHEN SHIQIU
Director General
( Unofficial translation )
LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES
1. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
2. Direct Reduction
3. CFB Coal Gasification for Ammonia Synthesis
4. Vapour Emission Control Systems
5. Biomass Gasification & Purification
6. Fuel Forest-Fired Power Generation in South China
7. Fuel Cells
8. Smelting Reduction
9. Poultry/Livestock Wastes for the Production of Organic Compound
Fertilizer--Complete Technology
10. No-tillage for Man-made Forest in South China
11. Forest Ecosystem Management Systems
12. Waste Land Afforestation for Mine Area
13. Solar Hot Water Heater--Vacuum Tube
14. Rice Husk Energy Transfer Instrument
15. Pony-tail Pine Protection in Acid Rain Area
1. Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle
1.1. Technology Name
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
1.2. General Characteristics
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is an advanced power
generation technology. The fundamental of IGCC is uses the cleaning
gas produced from gasification and purification as fuel for the
turbine, combines the gas turbine with steam turbine. It consists of
coal pre-process, coal gasification, gas cleaning, and combined cycle
power generation. The main advantages of IGCC are as follows: First,
it offers high thermal efficiency, reached from 40 percent to 50
percent is 10 percent higher than of pulverized-coal (PC) fired power
generation. The unit coal consumption is 310 gce/kWh. Second, it is
relative insensitive to feedstock, allowing all types of coal to be
fired. Third, it has a good commercial market.
1.3. Cost Information
The capital cost of early IGCC technology for the Cool Mater plant
is much higher, and reached $2,538 /kW. Now for the commercial IGCC
plants (500 Mw), the capital cost is approximately $900 /kW. The
operating and maintenance cost for this plant amount to about 4 to
4.5 cents/kWh, which design lifetime expected 20 years.
1.4. Environmental Effects
The IGCC plant has low emissions of pollutants, and good
environmental characteristics. Its desulphurization efficiency
reached from 90 percent to 99 percent used a cleaning measure, and
SO2, NOx and particulate emissions had been controlled. It reduces
the formation of NOx to levels from 25 percent to 60 percent lower
than that from a conventional PC plant, as the same of burning
natural gas. Increased thermal efficiencies result in lower carbon
dioxide emissions per unit electric generation, is about 0.8
kg/kWh.
1.5. Market Potential
With the development of society and economy of China, the present
thermal power capacity will need to be expanded further. ICCC is an
advanced power generation system that combines a higher
coal-electricity production of efficiency with clean coal combustion
technology. It is anticipated that IGCC technologies have the
capacity to
replace the steam turbine in the fossil-fired power plant, as a key development direction in this field.
China fully recognizes the problems of sustainable development and
pays much attention to the retrofitting of aged power plants by
introducing advanced technologies and new models of power generation.
China has already imported more than ten sets of oil-fired or
gas-fired combined cycle units. In addition, China's Ministry of
Electric Power has emphasized the power generation technology of IGCC
by placing it on the agenda of its plan for middle-term and long-term
development of electric power. So, it can serve as the foundation for
a large-scale application and diffusing of IGCC technology in China
by introducing advanced technology of ICCC and constructing a
demonstration power plant.
1.6. Other Information
For the form of introducing, it is suggested to combine cooperative research (such as on new thermal cycle and system integrity of system) with technology imports (such as gasification, hot dry cleaning, and advanced gas turbine).
Based on the technical cooperation and imports, it is proposed to
construct a 200 Mwe IGCC demonstration power plant with good values
for spreading by using the GEF grants and loans of low interest from
financial organizations.
2. Direct Reduction
2.1. Technology Name
Direct reduction
2.2. General Characteristics
The direct reduction technique of producing sponge iron is one of
iron-smelting processes, which uses gas or liquid fuel and non-coking
coal as energy and reducer, reduces metal iron at the temperature
condition that iron ore (or include iron pellet) is solid.
Considering the different reducer used, the direct reduction
technique can be generally classified into two sub categories:
gas-based process and coal-based process. Based on the difference
reductive device, it can be divided into vertical furnace process
reaction pot process, fluidized-bed process, and rotary kiln process,
etc. The output around the world in 1994 was 28.2 million tons and
the average utilization rate of the device was 73 percent. The widest
processes used in industry now are Midrex and HYL in gas-based
process, as well as SL/RN and DAVY's DRC in coal-based process. It
was reported that the process used in DAVY's Direct Reduction Plant
was rotary kiln, which reduce directly using coal-based as reducer.
The metallization rate was 93 percent, iron rate was 96 percent, per
ton direct reduction iron consumed 0.425 ton solid carbon, and 90-120
kWh electricity (of which 65 percent in direct reduction plant, 26
percent in material plant, 9 percent was auxiliary
consumption).
2.3. Cost Information
The first direct reduction iron plant, named Kazuo County's Sponge
Iron Smelting Plant in Liaoning province of China, invested 52.92
million yuan, the capacity was 25,000 tons, the average 10000 tons
capacity investment was 2117 yuan, this number is $122.87 in
Venezuela and $161.20 in Europe.
2.4. Environmental Effects
The energy consumption of the direct reduction technique is low,
which is only from 40 percent to 50 percent of that of iron-melting
in blast furnace, so it can reduce from 50 to 60 percent CO2
emissions per ton steel.
2.5. Market Potential
The output of electric steel only occupies 22 percent of the whole
steel output in China, while this share in developed country has
reached from 30 percent to 40 percent, 56 percent in Italy. With the
increase of steel accumulating in China the retrieve amount of scrap
steel will be going up, and electricity is relatively plenty, so the
short process used scrap steel as material will develop rapidly,
therefore, the requirement of sponge iron with little impurity will
grow rapidly.
2.6. Other Information
To introduce the technique of coal based as reducer is more conformable with the actual situation in China with an abundant coal and a limited nature gas resource. The contents of technique introduced include process technique, production software, key parts in the main device, and automatic control unit in instruments and meters.
The main problem in introducing the line of sponge iron production is funds. It is necessary for China to obtain the help from GEF, to gain donation accounting for more than 1/3 of the total funds for projects, and loan with lower interest rate. After the projects being founded, China's Ministry of Metallurgical Industry will bring it into line with the country's overall plan, and help the enterprises to put into effect the funds and equipment's domestic.
China's Ministry of Metallurgical Industry will be in charge of
introducing affairs, and put them into practice in Xining Steel Plant
and other plants.
3. CFB Coal Gasification for Ammonia
Synthesis
3.1. Technology Name
CEB Coal Gasification for Ammonia Synthesis
3.2. General Characteristics
The technology of CFB coal gasification is a new process under
R&D to convert a wide variety of solid fuels--biomass, coal,
wastes into crude gas for fuel, town, and synthesis gas production in
recent years. This technology is very suitable for replacing the old
low efficiency UGI gasification process in small size ammonia plants
which gasifier capacity limit is around 150 Mwth. The first
commercial scale plant based on CFB gasification (27 Mwth) which
produced low-Btu gas from bark was put into operation in Austria in
1986, and the gas is used in a paper mill for lime calcimining. Up to
now, there is no commercial plant for ammonia synthesis that has been
in operation.
3.3. Cost Information
The CFB gasificer is operated at pressure less than 0.15 Mpa
(called "quasi-atmospheric"). This pressure level allows continuous
fuel feeding and ashes removing by using rotary feeders, obviating
the necessity for lock hopper systems like with most pressure
gasification temperature. Since both CFB and UGI gasifier are
operated at the same pressure level, the existing UGl gasification
plant can be replaced by CFB that need introduce N2 to system prior
to compression to keep the almost same content in the crude gas
generated from CFB and UGI. So, it only needs to construct a CFB
gasifier which corresponds to about 100.000 TPY of NH3 capacity,
without the necessity to renew the whole existing down stream
compression and purification units. It also can reduce a lot of
investment and the operation cost obviously.
3.4. Environmental Effects
It is the appropriate range of capacity for one atmospheric CFB
gasifier (500 TPD of coal feed) which corresponds to about 100,000
TPY of NH3 capacity. It uses 20.8 tons of coal to produce 13.89 tons
of in one hour, and the average coal consumption for per ton of NH3
is 1.497. It accounts for 64 percent of the total output of ammonia
synthesis in China which used coal by UGI gasifier. This process
emits about 4000 m of purge gas for per ton of NH3 which the CO2
content is 12 percent, that is 1.0 tons. If we use CFB gasifer to
replace UGI gasifer to generate urea or ammonium bicarbonate, it is
zero emissions under normal conditions, and the carbon content of ash
is lower than 5 percent. So, if the 50 percent of UGI gasifer were
replaced by CFB gasifler, it will reduce 7.8 Mt of CO2
emissions.
3.5. Market Potential
In China, the output which produced from the middle and small size
ammonia plants amounts to 80 percent of the total output of
nitrogenous fertilizer, among which, about 80 percent of the total
capacity need to be fed with coal. These plants were almost use
anthracite coal to generate gas by the conventional UGI gasifiers.
The production of anthracite coal is relative concentration, but the
ammonia plants is distributed around country. This not only result in
a long distance transport of coal but also affects the utilization
ratio of ammonia plant capacity by limited resources. Meanwhile, the
UGI gasifier is disadvantageous for its low efficiency, low carbon
conversion rate, and difficulty with pollution control. For all these
aspects, it is very necessary for China ammonia industry to seek a
gasification process which both improved environment and used local
coal resources, this issue also is a common problem. So, the CFB coal
gasification for ammonia synthesis has good values for
spreading.
3.6. Other Information
At present, the CFB coal gasification which generated fuel and town gas has reached industrialization, but no one can be used for ammonia synthesis. So, it needs to do more detailed work, though the Lurgi had operated in its Research and Development Center.
It is suggested that introduce this technology from Lurgi company
by the Ministry of Chemical Industry of China, and which will be
applied in the Xuanhua Ammonia Plant in Hebei province.
4. Vapour Emission Control Systems
4.1. Technology Name
Vapour Emission Control Systems
4.2. General Charasteristics
Vapour Emission Control Systems are designed to collect vapours of
flammable cargoes from tanker cargo tanks, and process vapours on
board or at shoreside terminal during cargo loading and unloading
operations, in order to reduce the flammable vapours emit to the
atmosphere, promote the operation safety, and protect the environment
pollution. It includes the vapour collection system and the vapour
processing unit. The vapour collection system consists of closed
gauging device, liquid overfill protection system, vapour
overpressure and vacuum protection system, and vapour line connection
system. The vapour processing unit means the components of a vapour
control system that recovers, destroys, or disperses vapour collected
from a tanker, at present, this system uses many different
technologies, such as carbon bed absorption and lean oil
absorption.
4.3. Cost information
In order to coordinate the issues of interest to each other on
"safety transportation and environment protection"in ocean shipping,
Intentional Maritime Organization (IMO) draw up a convention (MARPOL
73/78) on preventing ocean pollution from shipping, China is a signed
country. According to the management regulation under port'country
recommended by IMO, it is the duty for the port administration to
allow ship leave, until the ship is in accord with the demands.
Before the implementation of the annex 6 of the convention, some
developed country has already carried out similar regulation, such as
USA, in the chapter one of the 46 CFR, published in October 1, 1990,
had provided a clear definition on the vapour emission control
systems. So this technology not only concerns the reduction of the
amount of ocean shipping and environment pollution, but also relate
the problem whether China's ship can enter other country's port and
other country's ship will be allow making port in China or not. At
the moment, this system is expensive in the international
market.
4.4. Environmental Effects
In China, about 1/3 of the freight volume of the petroleum is used
international trade, and resulting in a worldwide environment
pollution. If we use the vapour emission control systems, it will
operate in the closed condition for cargo loading or unloading, and
meet emission standards, even realize zero emission. It also will
recover the vapour, save energy, and reduce the loss of cargo.
Meanwhile, besides cover the shipping transport need, this system is
efficient reliable and safety, which will be manufactured and spread
domestically, and can also been used in land area based on
introducing technology.
4.5. Market Potential
The characteristics of the shipping equipment have to be
consistent with international standards, these devices have to accord
the demands for the shoreside facilities at port of the other
country, also, these devices should meet the requirements of
standards of international convention. It's the same the other way
round. So, for the equipment located both onboard and shoreside
terminal need to be approved by the local administrations based on
the regulation recommended by the international organization. At
present, theses are not user for vapour emission control systems in
China, and its market potential also is very large. It's the best way
for China to meet this issues by introducing the commercial
technology.
4.6. Other Information
It is suggested that adopt technology license to introduce the commercial techniques and process, and manufacture key equipment domestically, supported by the GEF grants.
It is suggested that this technology will be responsible for
technology introducing by the Ministry of Communications of China,
and which will be carried out by the Shangai Ship & Shipping
Research Institute.
5. Biomass Gasification &
Purification
5.1. Technology Name
Biomass Gasification & Purification
5.2. General Characteristics
Biomass gasification technology is a method of converting woods,
stalks and some other solid biomas fuels which are not appropriated
for direct use into convenient gas fuels used for cooking,
generating, as well as for some industrial purpose after cleaning. It
incluses air gasification, oxygen gasification, thermolysis, steam
gasification, etc. The key technology of process is biomass
gasification equipment and fuel-purification equipment. By statistics
in 1993, there were 343 biomass gasification thermal-power plants in
the world, and the countries holding the leading technology in this
field are sweden, USA, etc. Canada also put some products of biomass
gasification furnace in different specification into market. Which
use wood-dusk and paper or not waste as a fuel, and produce coal gas
to drive internal combustion engine in advanced countries have
reached from 60 percent to 90 percent, the caloric values of fuel
gases are ranged from 1.7 - 2.5 x 104 Kj/m.
5.3. Cost Information
The current biomass gasification equipment developed by the
advanced countries are general large scale with high automatication
and complex technical process, merely for power generation and
heating supply, the costs are rather higher. The utilization of
biomass gasification in China are mainly on drying or space heating
and power system, the biomass gasification equipment used for power
generation have two kinds, they are grain husks coal and oil gas
double fuels generator units which is suitable for enterprise's
small-scale power generation and the per investment of power station
are both reduced about 30 percent.
5.4. Environmental Effects
Because of biomass resource's renewable property, large quantities
and high efficient utilization can bring about an obvious benefit of
environment and ecosystem. Gasification one ton of biomass fuel can
reduce 1.3-1.5 tons of CO2 emission and is equivalent to 0.5 tce of
fossil energy resource.
5.5 Market Potential
At present, China's biomass gasification equipment R&D is still on the original stage, the level of gasification technology research is relatively lower, especially on the inspects of increasing fuel gas caloric value and its cleaning degree, we still have some technical barrier. It is prospected that the demand for high quality cleaning gasification energy will increase, as China countryside overall economic growth, the biomass gasification, being a way of energy end-use, will become one of the main issues for wral energy development and utilization. Its market has big potential. The key demand markets are as follows: (1) Forest areas with rich and concentrated biomass resource. In terms of country's total wood output of 60 Mrn3 the waste will be above 25 Mm3. (2) Farm area with abundant and high quality grain crops stalks. It is calculated that the annual yield of grain crops stalks in China has exceeded 600 Mt which is equivalent to 300 Mtce of energy. (3) Agriculture and forest products processing industries with energy short. Each year China has wood waste of wood processing industries about 20 Mm3 and grain crops husks waste about 50 million tons.
(4) No-coal or short coal prairie and mountain areas.
5.6. Other Information
Selecting appropriate gasification equipment and cleaning technology suited to characters and tech-economic level of China's rural areas. The introduced equipment scale should be small or middle size with gasification furnace diameter under 1000 mm and gas output of 200 m. Adopting the forms of cooperation development or trade license introduced technology, organizing equipment production and demonstration spread domestically.
The Ministry of Agriculture will be charge of technology
introducing, this project will be coordinated the implementation by
Institute of Energy under Shandong Academy of Science.
6. Fuel Forest-Fired Power Generation in South
China
6.1. Technology Name
Fuel Forest-Fired Power Generation in South China
6.2. General Characteristics
As an alternative energy, fuel forest-fired power generation in
south China is a conversion process from biomass energy to
electricity power. Biomass energy power generation has several
systems, such as direct combustion of biomass, combined combustion
and DFSS. The current prevalent biomass power generation technology
use condensing turbine, another choice is gas turbine, its coal gas
fuels are produced by biomass thermal-chemical gasification. The most
possible biomass power generation technology can be BIG/GTS which
will probably become a commercial power generation in this century.
Fuel forest-fired power generation is belong to specific feedstock
supply system, it's also no technical problems existed. There have
been some experimental examples in Indonesia and
Guatemalan.
6.3. Cost Information
Although we have some examples of fliel forest-fired power
generation, the economical benefit problem still remains unsolved.
The solid biomass fuels have relative!y higher ratio of~input and
output transportation cost and power cost. So, the urgent need is in
order to develop an experimental research, reduce power cost and make
this technology have both environment and economical
benefit.
6.4. Environmental Effects
The CO2 emission reduction by using fuel forest--fired power
generation determined by how much firewood used. It depends on the
power station scale. Taking an example of small network severed by
five sub-regions. Supposing each sub-region has 500 ha, the annual
biomass output would be 40m (about 18 tons carbon), the carbon
emission would reduce 22500 tons per year. The amount of CO2 emission
caused by burning firewood also can be offset by CO2 absorption
during firewood growing, so, the fuel-fired power generation will not
increase CO2 emission. Meanwhile, woods usually do not contain sulfur
element. It also can have some impact on atmospheric S02 emission and
acid rain controlling.
6.5. Market Potential
The operation purpose of firewood plantation is to produce biomass
fuel, among the energy forest operated by the means of short
rotation, the firewood plantation prn good features of rapid profit.
high output, good adaptability, low cost, etc. The South of China
shares a warm climate with abundant rain and forest resources, so the
firewood plantation by utilizing local fast-growing tree feeds would
achieve a short production period and a lager yield. It's really an
expected way to reduce carbon emission by using fuel forest-fired
power generation. As the increasing realization of environment
issues, more and more people would like to accept biomass energy.
Therefore, the market for this technology will be
promising.
6.6. Other Information
Expecting get some hinds from GEE for the technology introducing. In order to reduce transportation expenses, the small power station should be built beside mountains in the scale of sub-region unit, and connecting several these small power station forming a regional network.
The Ministry of Forest will take responsibility for technology
introducing, this project will be coordinated the implementation by
both Tropical Forest Research Institute, Ministry of Forest and
Guangdong Forest Bureau.
7. Fuel Cells
7.1. Technology Name
Fuel Cells
7.2. General Characteristics
Fuel cell is a device which can transfer chemical energy of the
fuel into electric energy. Its main body is composed of two different
kinds of polar materials and the matching electrolyte. When fuel and
burning-rate accelerator are piped into two poles separately by an
aiding device, chemical reaction will occur in the electrolyte under
the affections of both polar materials and electrolyte (including
catalyst sometimes), and then power energy will directly be
generated. The efficiency of power-generating of fuel cells can be
from 40 percent to 60 percent, which is two times of that of thermal
power generation. Total efficiency can reach 80 percent, for the heat
blown off can also be used. Fuel cell can use a great number of kinds
of fuel, and the scale and application of the cell can be chosen. Now
there are some advanced fuel cells in some countries, for example,
the fuel cells invented in Australia is the third generation of
ceramic polar fuel cells, and phosphoric acid type fuel cells made in
America used phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. In Japan the fuel
cells with 11,000 kW have been working smoothly, and the total
installment capacity of the cells has reached 18,000 kW. Japan also
invented metal fuel cells which can generate electricity only at 80 C
or so. It is reported recently that Sanyo Electric Corp. Limited had
developed portable fuel cells using compressed hydrogen, whose power
has been about 100 kW. It can be predicated that this technique will
be commercialized and become dominating technique in this filed in
1996.
7.3. Cost Information
From the view of the investment of capital construction, it is
reported that the cost for advanced large device is about $600 per
kW, if added with waste disposal cost, it would reach $1400 per kW.
The investment to the small power plants whose technique is not
advanced will be higher. Under current conditions, the producing cost
of fuel cells is much higher - about $2500 per kW due to the
complicated techniques, and the capacity is 20,000 kW. Nevertheless,
when the capacity can reach 20,000 to 30,000 kW, this technique will
be economical. For the operation cost, comprehensive circulation cost
of combustion turbine is $0.077 per kWh, the cost of coal-burning
power generation is $0,083 per kWh, and the cost of fuel cells is
0,073$ per kWh. From the view of the cost of electricity transmission
and distribution, the cost of electricity transmission and
distribution in developed countries is $500 per kW. While in
developing countries, power consumer is more scattered, and the cost
is more high. However, fuel cells can save this cost, for they do not
need electricity transmission and distribution.
7.4. Environmental Effects
Fuel cells almost neither produce greenhouse gases such as CO2
which can cause the global warming nor blow off SOx or NOx. They are
clean energy resources, polluting environment very little, and not
like power plants which will consume great lands. Present examples
indicate that using fuel cells can reduce the emission of CO2 at 40
percent to 60 percent, SOx and NOx at about 90 percent.
7.5. Market Potential
Because of the wide range of application, fuel cells have very
large market capacity. Now they can be applied in some special
fields. When being economical, they can be applied in extensive
circumstances.
7.6. Other Information
It is suggested that the way of "Starting from Application, Developed by Projects"
should be adopted. First, it is necessary to introduce fuel cells consuming common
energy resources and set tip typical examples according to the need, and then to
introduce fuel cells matching with biomass gasification unit and to develop apartment
or district type co-generation by biomass energy.
The Ministry of Electric Power and the Ministry of Agriculture are planed to take
charge of the work of introducing and implementing the
technique.
8. Smelting Reduction
8.1. Technology Name
Smelting reduction
8.2. General Characteristics
The smelting reduction technique of producing molten iron is one
of direct iron-smelting process, which use pulverized coal and
oxygen, reduce with ore powder in the condition of high temperature
and liquid state, and make most of the reactions happened in the
liquid oxidize phases. Smelting reduction will be the new technique
of iron and steel smelting in the 21 century. The first time to do
technique experiment was in steel ladle in West Germany in 1977,
South Africa imported a set of smelting reduction technique and
device (Corex device) from Austria Iron & Steel Union in 1985,
which can produce 0.3 million ton molten iron per year and put it
into production in the end of 1989, producing 0.34 million ton molten
iron per year, per ton iron average consumed 640 cubic meters oxygen,
coal 1183 kg, and meanwhile, produced lots of high calorific value
gas as by-product, the compositions of the molten iron and its
temperature are almost Same as that of the production from the blast
furnace. Puxiang Iron and Steel Plant in South Korea has constructed
a set Corex device which can produce 0.6 million tons molten iron per
year. At present, the following process would become the process in a
scale of production: Japan's DIOS process. Australia's HIS melt
process, Russia's ROMELT process, Germany's Lurgi process and
America's AISI process. etc.
8.3. Cost Information
Smelting reduction technique cuts down the coke oven and sintering
workshops, so its construction cost is less about 20 percent to 30
percent than that of blast furnace process. It can reduce a lot of
employees, therefore, lessen the operation cost; the processes can
reduce energy consumption, the cost of the products will be down, the
cost is about 10 percent to 20 percent lower than that of the blast
furnace process.
8.4. Environmental Effects
The smelting reduction technique of producing molten iron can cut
down environment pollution, it can obviously reduce the emission
amount of poisonous gas, such as dust, SO2 and NOx. 40 percent of
dust emission in steel production can be reduced because of omitting
sintering and coking process, especially, the investment of
controlling pollution in a ton steel production dropped over 25
percent because of reducing pollution from polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon in the coking. Meanwhile, because of omitting energy
consumption in sintering and coking process, 35 percent of energy
consumption amount for per ton steel can be saved, and about 25
percent of CO2 emission amount per ton steel can be
reduced.
8.5. Market Potential
China is a developing country, the steel output in 1994 reached
more than 91 million tons, but the average steel output possessed by
per capita was only 60% of that of the world. It's predicted that the
steel output in 2000 in China will reach 100 million, there is still
a gap of 20 million ton steel. Due to the process technique falls
behind the developed countries, the production structure is not
reasonable, all of these make material consumption high and
environment pollution serious, the quantity and quality of the
products could not satisfy demand of the national economic
development, therefore, we should adopt new techniques to improve old
enterprises so that they can improve both quantity and quality of
products, and make the consumption of energy and raw materials lower,
protect and improve the environment. It is one of important factors
of restricting China's iron and steel industry that the coke resource
is limited so iron-melting using non-coke will be useful to the
development of iron and steel industry. So, smelting reduction
technique has a vast vista in China.
8.6. Other Information
It is necessary for China to get funds assistance from GEE to introduce smelting reduction technique.
According to the level of the technique and economy, Corex process is more ripe in smelting reduction technique, China needs to import Corex's whole set of technique and device.
The Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of China will be in charge
of the introducing affairs.
9. Poultry/Livestock Wastes for the Production of Organic
Compound Fertilizer--Complete
Technology
9.1. Technology Name
Family Animal wastes Produce Organic Compound
Fertilizer
9.2. General Characteristics
This technique is to separate liquid from solid wastes, ferment
the separated liquid through anaerobic and aerobic procedures, and
then drain when accomplished the national standard. While the
separated solid wastes will be fermented again, added dregs of the
fermented biogas and supplementary ingredients, and then parched to
organic compound fertilizer for sale. Now this technique in Japan,
Russia and Taiwan is relatively mature, each has its own advantage,
through research and technical and economical comparison, the
technique and equipment in Taiwan are more suitable for China's
situation.
9.3. Cost Information
The best way to resolve the wastes in the large and middle scale
animal farm is comprehensive utilization, only this way can reduce
the environment pollution greatly and overcome the poor economic
benefit. Organic compound fertilizer is very suitable for fruit,
vegetable and greenhouse plant, it not only can promote the growth of
plant, but also can improve the products quality, its price is lower
than chemical fertilizer but its effect is better. As calculated, the
dynamic return period of such technique in large- scale animal farm
is about 4 years, the investment interest rate is above 30
percent.
9.4. Environmental Effects
This technique converted wastes into fertilizer, changed the
pollution source into usable resources, conserved energy, improved
environment. It not only resolved the water and air pollution, but
also produced high-quality organic compound fertilizer from solid
wastes, formed a healthy cycle of the whole eco-agriculture. Biogas
is a kind of high-quality energy, can be used directly in life and
manufacture when cleaned. With the application of this technique and
building biogas engineering, it will further alleviate the condition
of lack of energy in rural areas, and effectively protect the plant
and decrease woods damage, it is significant to improve local climate
and decrease the emissions of harmful gases.
9.5. Market Potential
Now the disposition of wastes of China's large and middle scale
animal farm has not been resolved completely, the research on the
double fermentation technique is not mature, has not formed a series
of usable equipment and technique. So this technique's market
capacity is very large, almost all the animal farm can use this
technique. According to statistics, the excreta of chicken and pig
produced per year will be 581 million tons, together with other
excreta, the total will be 700 million tons, mostly indisposed, only
a small part disposed with biogas engineering.
9.6. Other Information
Plan to build a demonstration project in large scale pig farm in Beijing rural areas with the money presented by GEE, import all the assembly line, including equipment and technique.
The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the import,
organized by the Institute of Planning and Design of the Ministry of
Agriculture.
10. No-tillage for Man-made Forest in South
China
10.1. Technology Name
No-tillage for Man-made Forest in South China
10.2. General Characteristics
No-tillage for Man-made Forest in South China, i.e., do not clear
the woods when logged, leave the stumps and branches in the woods,
plant the saplings in the space between the stumps, convert the
conventional method which burn hill, till land, and plant forest to
no-tillage and no-burning method, in order to increase the yield of
the land, decrease the carbon loss of the land, promote the
absorption of C02 in the atmosphere. As reported, logging, tillage
and plant cause the carbon loss of about 21 percent average in Europe
and America, the range will varied according to the method, the
carbon loss ranges from 1 percent to 69 percent, in which the
logging-burning-tillage method will cause the greatest
loss.
10.3. Cost Information
With the no-tillage method, the land will not be cleared, so it
will be inconvenient and more expensive when planting. The weed
mowing will increase the cost relatively to the common forest. So,
the cost of no-tillage will be higher than common forest planting
method. While the earlier productivity level may be lower than the
common forest, but the later growth and overall yield will surpass
the common forest, so the gross economic benefit is that the income
will be much larger than the cost invested.
10.4. Environmental Effects
No-tillage method will decrease greatly the soil erosion and the
organic substances lost, increase the organic carbon content in land
and the land productivity, especially in tropics and subtropics,
increase the absorption of CO2 in the atmosphere, decrease other
greenhouse gases emissions, and will benefit to the world
environmental improvement. The potential can be showed in three
aspects, (1). decrease the loss of organic substances, the quantity
can not be calculated by now, (2). obviate the direct emissions
caused by burning, (3). increase the forest productivity, increase
the absorption of CO2 in the atmosphere because of the decrease of
the land degradation. If the no-tillage method implemented on the 80
percent of fir forest and pony-tail pine forest, and presume that the
carbon loss decrease by 20 percent and forest yield increase by 20
percent, the fir forest in South China can increase the absorption of
carbon in the atmosphere 200 million tons. such situation can last 30
years, i.e. a forest logging period, so in this period the absorption
of carbon in the atmosphere can be increased 75 million tons per
year.
10.5. Market Potential
The fir forest and pony-tail pine in China are a quarter of the
whole forest area, the fir forest is 9 million hectares, the
pony-tail pine is 14 million hectares, presently all these forest
zones carry out the burning -tillage- plant method. Because South
China is full of rainfall, and the forest zones are located mostly in
steep slopes, this kind of operation will cause nutrients and carbon
lost, land productivity constantly decreased. So in the South China
artificial forest, in order to increase the organic substances
content and decrease land degradation, to implement the no-tillage
method is very necessary. And China is a country lacking wood, so the
market of this technique is very large.
10.6. Other Information
Advise importing this technique from the USA, the expenditure expected to get from GEE.
The Ministry of Forestry is responsible for the import, organized
by the Forest Eco-environment Institute of the Ministry of
Forestry.
11. Forest Ecosystem Management
Systems
11.1. Technology Name
Forest Ecosystem Management Systems
11.2. General Characteristics
By utilizing modern information systems and implementing modern
management to forest ecosystem, the forest yield can be increased and
resources dissipation can be decreased and the absorption of CO2 in
the atmosphere can be promoted. Forest Ecosystem Management Systems
is a new technique, meanwhile a relatively difficult technique. In
order to increase forest yield and ability to absorb CO2, the radical
approach is to increase the ecosystem management. Now, the yield of
intensively managed artificial forest is larger than that of natural
forest by several times or even several tenfold. But some intensively
managed artificial forest has the problem of land degradation, giving
rise to the soil erosion and organic substances loss. To promote the
yield of forest generously and depress the land degradation, modern
Forest Ecosystem Management Systems must be adopted.
11.3. Cost Information
This project is by implementing modern management to forest
ecosystem, to increase the forest yield, decrease resource
dissipation. So the investment will focus on local information
center, and comprehensively the amount of investment is small and the
profit is high. To implement modern management to forest ecosystem is
a key step to realize sustainable utilization of resources, and will
create significant effect on long-term stability and productivity of
forestry.
11.4. Environmental Effects
To implement modem management to forest will greatly increase
forest yield, decrease improper utilization and dissipation of forest
resources, protect forest resources, improve ecological environment,
promote the absorption of CO2 in the atmosphere, and benefit to China
and world environmental improvement. The effect on production
increase is determined by quality of the operation, if by most
conservative estimate about wood increase of 30 percent per hectare
forest, the increase of the whole country's forest will be 85 million
m, is equivalent to an increase of the absorption of CO2 about 20
million tons.
11.5. Market Potential
China is a country lacking wood, the wood market is very large, so
the market capacity of this technique can be regarded as
unlimited.
11.6. Other Information
Now the Forest Ecosystem Management Systems in Australia are relatively advanced, so the technique can be imported from Australia by technique cooperation method, investing jointly, in order to use this technique as soon as possible.
The Ministry of Forestry is responsible for the import of the
technique, the Eco-environmental Research Institute and Forest
Resources Information Institute of the Ministry of Forestry should
organize the implementation.
12. Waste Land Afforestation for Mine
Area
12.1. Technology Name
Waste Land Afforestation for Mine Area
12.2. General Characteristics
Afforestation on waste land for mine area to recover the land and
vegetation can absorb CO2 in the atmosphere and improve the
environment. It has been confirmed by practice that afforestation on
waste land for mine area is a very effective way to recover
ecological environment. Confined by the present technology of mining
and the low percentage of vegetation (from 4.2 percent to 9.0
percent), the exploitation of waste land in China should be based on
afforestation. There are many technical examples to be refereed to,
for example, in Germany, before reforesting on waste and of lignite
coal mine, several ways were adopted to improve the soil microbial
activity, in the Former Soviet Union, lime and waste material are
scattered on poisonous land of open coal mine area to reduce soil
acidity, which has promoted the growth of forest; in New Mexico and
Arizona of the USA, planting vegetation by irrigation has been
succeeded in waste land of mine area. On afforestation, the
techniques of the USA are much more advanced.
12.3. Cost Information
The goals of afforestation on waste land of mine area are to
improve ecological environment and to absorb CO2 in the atmosphere.
The project does not intend to gain economic profit, so there is no
direct economic beneficial result, but there is indirect
environmental benefit, which should be estimated by cost-benefit
analysis of the environment.
12.4. Environmental Effects
Afforestation on waste land for mine area can notably improve the
condition of ecological environment, which is also beneficial to that
in China. Moreover, woods can be formed quickly, so there is no need
to renovate the land greatly, and only with a little economic
investment, the goal of land renovating can be achieved easily and
safely. The woods will stand the soil, clean up the air, prevent
water loss and soil erosion and reduce the dust considerably. Another
goal of afforestation is to provide timbers and fruits, which has a
re-generative function. If all the 14 million hectare land is
reforested, 25 million tones carbon will be absorbed each year,
providing that the annual growth rate of every hectare forest is 8
cube metre.
12.5. Market Potential
Reforestation is a feasible way to regain and reestablish the
ecological environment in waste mine area. There are about 14 million
hectares of waste land in China with growing at a speed of 20,000
hectare per year which has not been reforested, it has great
potentiality for reforestation. Therefore, China can not only obtain
nearly 2.1 billion cube metre timbers, but improve ecological
environment in mine area greatly, by importing the advanced
reforestation technology from the USA and applying it throughout
China.
12.6. Other Information
It is suggested to import reforestation technology and mechanical equipment from America, Germany, British etc.. Meanwhile, Chinese government will establish research projects of waste land reforestation, including improved varieties of woods, reforestation pattern, intensive management and so on, and will put forward comprehensive practical technology combinations of reforestation fit for different mine area and waste land.
The technology is planned to be imported by the Ministry of Forestry, and carried
out by Eco-environmental Research Institute of the Ministry of
Forestry.
13. Solar Hot Water Heater--Vacuum
Tube
13.1. Technology Name
Solar Hot Water Heater--Vacuum Tube
13.2. General, Characteristics
Solar hot water heater--vacuum tube is a new type of solar heat
collecting device which can transfer solar energy directly into
thermal energy. The adoption of vacuum technique can reduce heat loss
of the collector greatly, which makes itself to be with a sound
thermal behavior even at high working medium temperature or at low
environmental temperature. This device has good performances such as
anti-freezing, high bearing strength, easy fixing and maintaining and
so on. Heat pipe type vacuum tube solar collector is an outstanding
one in its family. Because of the adoption of heat pipe technique,
the heated working substance does not flow through vacuum tube
directly, and has the advantages of small heat capacity and
therml-odiode effect. The average efficiency of absorption of heat
for vacuum tube solar collector per day is above 50 percent. The
collector can be used all the year in northern China, and can provide
heat more than 20 percent that of normal plate absorber.
13.3. Cost Information
Solar hot water heater-vacuum tube do not consume energy resources
during working, and do not need new investment. It is estimated that
only the saving of charges for electricity or gas in three years
would be equal to total investment. For a family of three to five
members, there is enough water to bath all the year if they have a
1.2 square metre vacuum tube collector. In northern China, even in
winter two sunny days can provide enough energy to heat a case of
water, so it is no problem for every member to have one or two bathes
each week, saving about 400 kilogram coal equivalent.
13.4. Environmental Effects
There is neither pollution to the environment during working, nor
emissions of waste gases such as CO2, SOx, NOx etc..
13.5. Market Potential
By now, heat pipe type vacuum tube solar collectors manufactured
by Beijing Institute of Solar Energy have been appraised and been in
lots producing. In foreign countries, Holland's Philips Co. Limited
and British Thermomax Co. Limited both have advanced productions
taking use of solar energy. Israel's application of vacuum tube solar
energy is very popular, and its technique is very advanced. China has
more than 200 million families, but the popularity is no more than
0.5 percent, so there is a huge market capacity of 2 million square
metre or so each year.
13.6. Other Information
It is suggested that the production line or the transferring for key technique should be imported. Water tanks and supporting frames necessarily should be manufactured domestically.
This technique is planed to be imported by the Ministry of
Agriculture, and to be implemented by Institute of Energy of Shandong
Academy of Science.
14. Rice Husk Energy Transfer
Instrument
14.1. Technology Name
Rice Husk Energy Transfer Instrument
14.2. General Characteristics
Rice husk energy transfer instrument is a furnace which can
transfer biomass energy of rice's husk into thermal or power energy.
It suits to different scales of rice husk energy converter, and the
energy transferred will be used to generate power energy, providing
heat or dry materials. When its burning is controlled, clean hot gas
flow can be obtained, and the carbon content of rice husk can also be
controlled, which are significant to increase burning efficiency and
provide rice husk on sale. KC furnace generates power by burning
husk, because it can partly make use of (directly controllable) the
calorific value of fixed carbon of rice husk, the color is tangerine
in furnace, and the temperature is about 1100 C. Chemical incomplete
combustion degree is much lower in oxidative environment of the
furnace, so combustion efficiency of fuel is much high, and the
carbon content of rice husk disposed can be controlled between 10 to
30 percent. The dust of rice husk can be used immediately without
drying, for the dust extracted from KC furnace is dry
already.
14.3. Cost Information
Rice husk as feed can only be a kind of filler, without much
nutritive value. With the development of Chinese grain production,
rice husk will not be used as feed, but as a source of fuel, which
has important practical significance and social economic benefit. For
Chinese rice production area, in the case of lacking fuel and
electricity power practically, building relevant rice husk power
station, supply center, or drying plant near large or middle rice
pearlier factories is a feasible way to comprehensively utilize the
resource of rice husk, meanwhile the disposal of the husk can be
reduced.
14.4. Environmental Effects
Chinese production of rice is 176 million tones in 1994, about 40
percent of the world's, if converted to rice husk, there would be 34
million tones. Chinese area lacking energy resources (like Zhejiang
province), depends on the transported coal, oil and so on from other
provinces. Zhejiang province's dominating grain is rice, and most of
the rural areas produce rice, so making use of rice husk as power
fuel can solve the problem of lacking fuel at a certain degree,
especially to those area which is not crossed by railway. Moreover
this is an important to protect forest and reduce the energy
consumption for transport.
14.5. Market Potential
China's generating sets mostly belong to stacking retort gas power
generating, so the calorific value of fixed carbon of rice husk is
relatively less used. In furnace, the color is light red, and the
temperature is about 500 to 700 C. Chemical incomplete combustion
degree is much large in neutral or reduction environment of the
furnace, so the carbon content not burned in rice husk disposed is
about 40 to 50 percent of the dusk. This technique in America is
advanced (American PRM Rice Pearlier Corporation), meanwhile China
has many experts having study rice husk combustion technique for some
years, who can fully assimilate the technique and develop rice husk
combustion furnace suits according to Chinese condition. Thus this
technique surly has a wide market capacity and a bright
future.
14.6. Other Information
Expert group should be organized to investigate the situation of manufacturing and applying, and should be imported a typical KC furnace.
This technique is planed to be introduced by the Ministry of
Forestry, and to be implemented by Planing and Designing Institute of
the Ministry of Agriculture.
15. Pony-tail Pine Protection in Acid Rain
Area
15.1. Technology Name
Pony-tail Protection in Acid Rain Area
15.2. General Characteristics
Acid rain caused by SO2 can do great ham to pony-tail pines of
southern China, and has killed many trees. Pony-tail pine protection
in acid rain area can promote the growth of forest and speed up
absorbing CO2 in the atmosphere.
15.3. Cost Information
This technique can reduce the harm suffered by pony-tail ponies
from acid rain, increase the woods, improve ecological environment,
and have great economic benefits. It is pointed out by research that,
a great number of pony-tail pines in southern China suffer severely
from acid rain. By incomplete statistics, the woods lost for this
reason are about 600,000 cubic meters each year, that is the loss of
0.3 billion Yuan. The reduction of the absorption of CO2 caused by
forest lost is great.
15.4. Environmental Effects
This technique can reduce the harm of acid rain to the southern
pony-tail pines, increase absorbing resources of CO2, slow down the
pace of greenhouse effect, and devote to improving of global
environment. Because the distribution of pony-tail pines in southern
China is very extensive, and the pines suffer severely from acid
rain, the importing of this technique can not only expand the storing
of pony-tail pines, and improve the condition of afforestation, but
increase the absorption of CO2 greatly; thus, the goal of reducing
the blowing off CO2 is attained. It is calculated that the woods lost
are 600,000 cubic meter per year, this project (if having been
carried out) can absorb 140,000 tones CO2 a year more than
before.
15.5. Market Potential
The distribution of pony-tail pines is extensive in China, and
they are the typical kind of coniferous trees in humid area of
Chinese eastern subtropical zones. Because pony-tail pines have the
advantages of adapting environment easily, growing rapidly, and
reforesting naturally or artificially without difficulties. Moreover,
the timbers of them are widely used, and with high economic benefit,
so they play an important role in exploiting subtropical mountain
areas and recovering forest ecosystem. Because the energy structure
of China, which is dominated by coal, can not be changed in a short
term, and the air pollution tends to be more serious, this technique
surely has a good prospects.
15.6. Other Information
Europe has studied acid rain deeply and thoroughly, so its technique of controlling the harm od acid rain to forest is much advanced and completed. Although Europe have not studied the harm to pony-tail pines specially, we can import and transfer the technique of reducing the harm of acid rain to forest from Europe.
This technique is planned to be imported by the Ministry of
Forestry and carried out by Eco-environment Research Institute of the
Ministry of Forestry together with the Forestry Bureau of Guangxi,
Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces.