Background
Emissions from fuel used for international aviation and maritime transport are addressed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process since the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP). At its first meeting in 1995 (Berlin, Germany, March/April 1995), the COP requested the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advise (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to address the issue of allocation and control of emissions from international bunker fuels and to report on this work to COP 2 (Decision 4/CP.1).

In response to this request, emissions from fuel used for international aviation and maritime transport have been continuously addressed under the SBSTA (more >>).
In addition the Kyoto Protocol addresses emissions from fuel used for international aviation and maritime transport in its Article 2, paragraph 2. Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol states that the Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gas emissions not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), respectively.
In accordance with the IPCC Guidelines for the preparation of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories, emissions from international aviation and maritime transport (also known as international bunker fuel emissions) should be calculated as part of the national GHG inventories of Parties, but should be excluded from national totals and reported separately. These emissions are not subject to the limitation and reduction commitments of Annex I Parties under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol.
At its thirteenth session (Bali, Indonesia, December 2007), the COP instructed the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) to develop its work programme at its first session in a coherent and integrated manner, and invited Parties to submit to the secretariat their views regarding the work programme. International bunker fuels has been a subject of discussions under the AWG-LCA in the context of paragraph 1b(iv) of the Bali Action Plan, cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions. In this context, various options have been put forward for discussions by Parties (more>>).

AWG-LCA
At the first part of the fourteenth meeting of the AWG-LCA (Bangkok, Thailand, April 2011), Parties adopted an agenda according to the structure of the Bali Action Plan, which also included cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions under agenda item 3.2.4 (FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/L.1).
At the second part of the fourteenth meeting of the AWG-LCA (Bonn, Germany, June 2011), Parties agreed to address international bunker fuels under AWG-LCA agenda item 3.2.4 and brought forward six options on how to address emissions from international aviation and maritime transport under the UNFCCC process. These options are reflected in: ‘ note by the facilitator (155 kB) ’.
During the third part of the fourteenth meeting of the AWG-LCA (Panama City, Panama, October 2011), Parties further elaborated on different options how to address emissions from international aviation and maritime transport under the UNFCCC process. Nine different options address are captured in the Facilitator’s note (166 kB) .
At the resumed fourteenth session of the AWG-LCA (AWG-LCA 14-4) in Durban (South Africa, November/December 2011) international bunker fuels was negotiated under AWG-LCA agenda item 3.2.4 (Sectoral approaches) together with a general framework for sectoral approaches and agriculture. The negotiations on emissions from international bunker fuels started on basis of the Facilitator’s note that included the options from the AWG-LCA 14-3 session in Panama. Parties could agree on a way forward for the AWG-LCA agenda item 3.2.4 and agreed to include a text on this agenda item in the Outcome of the work of the AWG-LCA (p.14, paragraphs 74-78). For international aviation and maritime transport, the Conference of the Parties agreed to continue its consideration of issues related to addressing emissions from international aviation and maritime transport (p. 14, paragraph 78).

At the thirteenth session of the AWG-LCA (Cancun, Mexico, December 2010), Parties were negotiating international bunker fuels on the basis of document FCCC/AWGLCA/2010/14. Due to diverging views on the way forward, Parties could not agree on an outcome for cooperative sectoral approaches, including international bunker fuels. Hence, the Cancun Agreement (1/CP.16) contains no reference to GHG emissions from international aviation and maritime transport (Report of the session).

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SBSTA
The SBSTA at its thirty-fifth meeting (Durban, South Africa, November/December 2011), noted the information received from the secretariats of ICAO and IMO on their relevant work and invited them to report, at future sessions of the SBSTA, on the outcomes of their work on this issue.

The SBSTA at its thirty-fourth meeting (Bonn, Germany, June 2011), noted the information received from the secretariats of ICAO and IMO on their relevant work and invited them to report, at future sessions of the SBSTA, on the outcomes of their work on this issue (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/2, paragraphs 69-73).

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