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Registries record the holdings of Kyoto units, and any transactions involving them, through a structure of
accounts. This is similar to the way that banks record balances and movements in money using accounts
allocated to individuals or other entities.
 Data Exchange
Standards (5972 kB) have been developed to coordinate the electronic messaging that occurs between
registry systems when processing transactions. The types of Kyoto units and transactions
enabled by these standards are summarized in the tables below. The ITL, CITL and registries
also process unit types and transactions defined under other emissions trading schemes, such as EU allowances
for the first phase of the EU trading scheme and other transaction sub-types defined under this
scheme.
The data held by registries is reconciled on a daily basis with data in the ITL and CITL. Procedures are in
place for identifying and resolving any inconsistencies discovered.
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Kyoto units
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Unit
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Unit name
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Issuer
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Description
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Kyoto Protocol
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AAU
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Assigned
Amount Units
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National registry
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Units representing the initial assigned amount of each Annex B Party
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Article 3.7
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RMU
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Removal
Units
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National registry
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Units given for net removals from land use, land-use change and forestry activities
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Article 3.3, 3.4
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ERU
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Emission
Reduction
Units
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National registry
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Units converted from AAUs or RMUs on the basis of JI projects
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Article 6
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CER
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Certified
Emissions
Reductions
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CDM
registry
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Credits given for emission reductions certified for a CDM project
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Article 12
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tCER
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Temporary
CERs
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CDM
registry
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Credits given for emission removals certified for an afforestation or reforestation CDM project (to be
replaced upon expiry at end of the second commitment period)
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Article 12
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lCER
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Long-term
CERs
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CDM
registry
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Credits given for emission removals certified for an A&R CDM project
(to be replaced upon expiry at end of the project’s crediting period or
in event of storage reversal or non-submission of a certification report)
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Article 12
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Kyoto transaction types
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Issuance
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Initial creation of an AAU, RMU, CER, tCER or lCER
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Conversion
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Transformation of an AAU or RMU into an ERU based on a JI project
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External transfer
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External transfer of a unit from one registry to another registry
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Cancellation
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Internal transfer of a unit to a cancellation account, in order that it may not be used for compliance
with an emission target
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Replacement
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Internal transfer of a unit to a replacement account, in order to replace tCERs or lCERs when required
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Retirement
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Internal transfer of a unit to a retirement account, in order that it can be used by the Annex B Party
for compliance with its emission target
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Carry-Over
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Change of validity an AAU, ERU (only those converted from AAUs) or CER from one commitment period
to the next
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Expiry date change
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Change in the expiry date of a tCER or lCER
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Internal transfer between holding accounts
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Internal transfer of a unit between holding accounts within the same registry (the ITL does not verify
such transactions but forwards them to the CITL to allow their verification under the EU
trading scheme)
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