|
DATA on greenhouse gas emissions and sources
Table 1: Examples of greenhouse gases affected by human activities
|
CO2
(Carbon Dioxide)
|
CH4
(Methane)
|
N2O
(Nitrous Oxide)
|
CHC-11
(Chlorofluoro- carbon-11)
|
HFC-23
(Hydrofluoro
-carbon-23)
|
CF4
(Perfluoro-
methane)
|
|
Pre-industrial concentration
|
About 280 ppm
|
About 700 ppb
|
About 270 ppb
|
Zero
|
Zero
|
40 ppt
|
|
Concentration in 1998
|
365 ppm
|
1745 ppb
|
314 ppb
|
268 ppt
|
14 ppt
|
80 ppt
|
|
Rate of concentration changeb
|
1.5 ppm/yra
|
7.0 ppb/yra
|
0.8 ppb/yr
|
-1.4 ppt/yr
|
0.55 ppt/yr
|
1 ppt/yr
|
|
Atmospheric lifetime
|
5 to 200 yrc
|
12 yrd
|
114 yrd
|
45 yr
|
260 yr
|
>50.000 yr
|
Notes:
a Rate has fluctuated between 0.9 ppm/yr and 2.8 ppm/yr for CO2 and between 0 and 13
ppb/yr for CH4 over the period 1990 to 1999.
b Rate is calculated over the period 1990 to 1999.
c No single lifetime can be defined for CO2 because of the different rates of uptake by
different removal processes.
d This lifetime has been defined as an “adjustment time” that takes into account the
indirect effect of the gas on its own residence time.
Source: “Climate 2001, The Scientific Basis, Technical Summary of the Working Group I
Report”, p.38.
Table 2: World Energy Consumption (Mtoe) **
|
1971
|
1977
|
2010
|
2020
|
1997-2020*
|
|
Total Final Consumption
|
3,627
|
5,808
|
7,525
|
9,117
|
2.0
|
|
Coal
|
620
|
635
|
693
|
757
|
0.8
|
|
Oil
|
1,888
|
2,823
|
3,708
|
4,493
|
2.0
|
|
Gas
|
608
|
1,044
|
1,338
|
1,606
|
1.9
|
|
Electricity
|
377
|
987
|
1,423
|
1,846
|
2.8
|
|
Heat
|
68
|
232
|
244
|
273
|
0.7
|
|
Renewables
|
66
|
87
|
118
|
142
|
2.2
|
* Average annual growth rate, in percent
** Million tones of oil equivalent
Source: International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook 2000”, p.61.
Table 3: Greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries 1990 – 1999
All figures gigagrams or percentage change. The 1990 figures for all GHGs without sinks offer
reasonable approximations to the ‘assigned amounts’ against which the Kyoto targets will
be measured; however, there are various inconsistencies – e.g. implications of Protocol Article
3.7 not reflected, some base years for HFCs/PFCs/SF6 differ – and the figures are
likely to be revised.
|
COUNTRY
|
All GHGs 1990 w/o sinks
|
All GHGs 1999
w/o sinks
|
Percent
Change
|
Kyoto
Target (%)
|
|
Australia
|
423 237
|
484 699
|
+14.5
|
+8
|
|
Austria
|
75 452
|
80 315
|
+6.4
|
-8 (-13)
|
|
Belgium
|
136 463
|
145 372
|
+6.5
|
-8 (-7.5)
|
|
Bulgaria*§
|
157 090
|
84 317
|
-46.3
|
-8
|
|
Canada
|
611 770
|
692 230
|
+13.2
|
-6
|
|
Czech*
|
189 837
|
147 777
|
-22.2
|
-8
|
|
Denmark
|
69 567
|
76 144
|
+9.5
|
-8 (-21)
|
|
Estonia*
|
40 719
|
21 756
|
-46.6
|
-8
|
|
Finland
|
75 202
|
76 315
|
+1.5
|
-8 (0)
|
|
France
|
553 778
|
558 726
|
+0.9
|
-8 (0)
|
|
Germany
|
1 208 807
|
1 019 745
|
-15.6
|
-8 (-21)
|
|
Greece
|
105 346
|
124 315
|
+18.0
|
-8 (-25)
|
|
Hungary*§
|
101 633
|
83 677
|
-17.7
|
-6
|
|
Iceland
|
2 576
|
a 2 696
|
+4.7
|
+10
|
|
Ireland
|
53 497
|
63 718
|
+19.1
|
-8 (-13)
|
|
Italy
|
518 502
|
541 542
|
+4.4
|
-8 (-6.5)
|
|
Japan
|
1 213 262
|
b 1 330 555
|
+9.7
|
-6
|
|
Latvia*
|
35 669
|
11 504
|
-67.7
|
-8
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
260
|
|
|
-8
|
|
Lithuania*
|
51 548
|
23 851
|
-53.7
|
-8
|
|
Luxembourg
|
13 448
|
a 10 223
|
-24.0
|
-8 (-28)
|
|
Monaco
|
111
|
142
|
+28.4
|
-8
|
|
Netherlands
|
217 882
|
236 251
|
+8.4
|
-8 (-6)
|
|
New Zealand
|
73 068
|
74 886
|
+2.5
|
0
|
|
Norway
|
52 141
|
56 148
|
+7.7
|
+1
|
|
Poland*§
|
564 286
|
402 477
|
-28.7
|
-6
|
|
Portugal
|
63 858
|
74 870
|
+17.2
|
-8 (-27)
|
|
Romania*§
|
264 879
|
c 164 026
|
-38.1
|
-8
|
|
Russian Fed.*
|
3 040 062
|
1 962 441
|
-35.4
|
0
|
|
Slovakia*
|
76 304
|
52 818
|
-30.8
|
-8
|
|
Slovenia*
|
19 212
|
|
|
-8
|
|
Spain
|
305 746
|
369 856
|
+21.0
|
-8 (-15)
|
|
Sweden
|
69 399
|
73 842
|
+6.4
|
-8 (-4)
|
|
Switzerland
|
53 005
|
53 706
|
+1.3
|
-8
|
|
Ukraine*
|
919 220
|
454 934
|
-50.5
|
0
|
|
UK
|
741 489
|
679 850
|
-8.3
|
-8 (-12.5)
|
|
US
|
6 048 786
|
6 726 997
|
+11.2
|
-7
|
|
Annex I °
|
18 147 110
|
16 982 195
|
-6.4
|
-5
|
|
Annex II °
|
12 686 651
|
13 553 405
|
+6.8
|
- -
|
|
EIT °
|
5 460 459
|
3 428 790
|
-37.2
|
- -
|
Source: Climate Change Secretariat, “National Communications from Parties Includes in
Annex I to the Convention : Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data from 1990 to 1999”, Document
FCCC/SBI/2000/13 and Add. 1. Please see original document for the complete set of
footnotes.
Notes:
Annex I: includes all the countries listed in the table, which are the Parties
with quantified emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
Annex II: includes the most industrialized countries only, listed here without asterisks.
EIT: the countries with economies in transition, indicated here by asterisks.
Gigagram = 1,000 tons
All greenhouse gases: includes emissions of the six gases addressed by the Kyoto Protocol (where
reported): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20),
HFCs, PFCs, and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Expressed as CO2 equivalents.
Carbon removals by sinks are excluded.
Kyoto targets: expressed as a percentage increase or decrease from 1990 levels (or other
reference period). The European Union as a group is committed to –8%; the national rates
allocated through an internal EU agreement are indicated here in parentheses. The targets are to be
achieved in the five-year period 2008–2012.
§ Some Parties with
economies in transition use base years other than 1990: Bulgaria (1988), Hungary (average of
1985-87), Poland (1988) and Romania (1989). These base years are given in this table in lieu of 1990.
° Values for 1998 based on the latest available data for each country.
a latest available data is from 1998;
b Latest available data is from 1994;
c Latest available data is from 1996.
Table 4: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, 1998
|
Largest emitters: Annex I and Non-Annex I Parties (Million of tonnes of CO2)
|
|
Top ten: Annex I &
non-Annex I Parties
|
|
% World
|
Top ten: Annex I Parties
|
|
% World
|
Top ten:
non-Annex I Parties
|
|
% World
|
|
1
|
United States
|
5,410
|
24%
|
United States
|
5,409.75
|
24%
|
China
|
2,893.15
|
13%
|
|
2
|
China
|
2,893
|
13%
|
Russian Federation
|
1,415.78
|
6%
|
India
|
908.2
|
4%
|
|
3
|
Russian Federation
|
1,416
|
6%
|
Japan
|
1,128.34
|
5%
|
Republic of Korea
|
370.14
|
2%
|
|
4
|
Japan
|
1,128
|
5%
|
Germany
|
857.05
|
4%
|
Mexico
|
356.3
|
2%
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
857
|
4%
|
United Kingdom
|
549.51
|
2%
|
South Africa
|
353.67
|
2%
|
|
6
|
India
|
908
|
4%
|
Canada
|
477.25
|
2%
|
Brazil
|
295.86
|
1%
|
|
7
|
United Kingdom
|
550
|
2%
|
Italy
|
425.99
|
2%
|
Saudi Arabia
|
270.73
|
1%
|
|
8
|
Canada
|
477
|
2%
|
France
|
375.5
|
2%
|
Iran
|
259.77
|
1%
|
|
9
|
Italy
|
426
|
2%
|
Ukraine
|
358.78
|
2%
|
Indonesia
|
208.47
|
1%
|
|
10
|
France
|
376
|
2%
|
Poland
|
320.16
|
1%
|
Dem People's Republic Korea
|
199.66
|
1%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
14,441
|
|
Total
|
11,318.11
|
|
Total
|
6,115.95
|
|
|
% of world total
|
64%
|
|
% of world total
|
50%
|
|
% of world total
|
27%
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of Annex I total
|
85%
|
|
% of non-Annex I total
|
71%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Groups
|
total emissions
|
% of world total
|
t CO2 per capita
|
|
|
World#
|
|
22,726
|
|
na
|
|
3.87
|
|
|
|
Annex I Parties
|
|
13,383
|
|
59%
|
|
11.00
|
|
|
|
Annex II Parties
|
|
10,792
|
|
47%
|
|
12.00
|
|
|
|
European Union
|
|
3,171
|
|
14%
|
|
8.47
|
|
|
|
EIT Parties
|
|
2,592
|
|
11%
|
|
8.18
|
|
|
|
non-Annex I Parties
|
|
8,622
|
|
38%
|
|
1.85
|
|
|
Table 5: Per-capita CO2 emissions (metric tons): 10 indicative rates
|
Brazil
|
1.7
|
|
China
|
2.7
|
|
Czech Republic
|
12.3
|
|
India
|
1.1
|
|
Japan
|
9.3
|
|
Malaysia
|
5.8
|
|
Nigeria
|
0.8
|
|
Russian Fed.
|
10.7
|
|
UK
|
9.5
|
|
US
|
19.7
|
Note: 1996 figures
Source: adapted from CDIAC as cited in World Resources 2000-2001.
|
