CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
Third session
Kyoto, 1-10 December 1997
Item 5 of the provisional agenda
FCCC/CP/1997/CRP.2
7 December 1997
ENGLISH ONLY
The Parties to this Protocol,
Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as the
"Convention",
In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as
stated in its Article 2,
Recalling the provisions of the Convention,
Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,
Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first
session,
Have agreed as follows:
For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in
Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:
1. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.
2. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization and the
United Nations Environment Programme in 1988.
3. "Montreal Protocol" means the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, as subsequently adjusted and amended.
___________________________
Note: A side bar indicates those elements requiring further
negotiation.
4. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting
an affirmative or negative vote.
5. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party
to this Protocol.
6. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I
to the Convention, and as may be subsequently amended by the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention, or a Party which has
made a notification under Article 4.2(g) of the
Convention.
7. "Subsidiary bodies" means the subsidiary bodies established by Article 9 and
Article 10 of the Convention.
8. (Additional definitions, as necessary)
1. Each of the Parties included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10] in achieving its commitments regarding quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives under
Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development,
shall:
(a) Adopt and implement policies and measures in accordance
with its national circumstances [in particular/such as] the
following:
(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in all sectors of the
national economy;
(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, promotion
of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and
reforestation;
(iii) Promotion, research, development and increased use of
new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration
technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound
technologies;
(iv) Phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives,
tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting
sectors that run counter to the objective of the
Convention;
(v) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in the energy sector
and regulatory regimes aimed at promoting policies and measures which
limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol;
(vi) Limitation and/or reduction of emissions of methane
through recovery and use in the waste management sector, as well as
in the production, transport and distribution of energy;
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall assess the application of these
policies and measures;
(b) Co-operate with other such Parties to enhance the
individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures
adopted and implemented under this Article, pursuant to Article
4.2(e)(i) of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take
steps to share their experience and exchange information on these
policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their
comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider
ways to facilitate such co-operation, taking into account all
relevant information.
2. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement
policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize
adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change,
effects on international trade, and social, environmental and
economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country
Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4.8 and 4.9 of
the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the
implementation of the provisions of this
paragraph.
3. The Parties included in Annex I [or acting under Article
10] shall co-ordinate, as appropriate, the implementation of those
policies and measures identified in paragraph 1(a) above and the
development of methodologies to assess their effectiveness. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable
thereafter, consider ways and means to facilitate such co-ordination,
including by instituting a process to develop recommendations to
Parties in the form of guidelines, taking into account national
circumstances and relevant work being done by other
bodies.
Alternative A
1. Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in
Annex A(2) do not exceed their
defined amount, as calculated in accordance with the provisions of
this Article.
Alternative B
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall ensure that its
aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the
greenhouse gases listed in Annex A2 do not exceed its
defined amount, as calculated in accordance with the provisions of
this Article.
Alternative C
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall achieve quantified
emission limitation and reduction objectives within time frames such
as 2005, 2010 and 2020 for its anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
[2. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention shall, at
its fourth session, adopt an annex to this Protocol establishing
emission limitation and reduction commitments for Parties included in
Annex I covering hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur
hexafluoride.]
[3. The annex adopted in accordance with paragraph 2 above
shall include modalities to allow Parties included in Annex I which
reduce their emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A by a
greater percentage than that required by their commitments under this
Article, or of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur
hexafluoride by a greater percentage than that required by their
commitments under the new annex, to use this difference for the
purpose of meeting their commitments for hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride under the new annex, or for
the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A under this Article,
respectively.]
4. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions from sources
and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use
change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation,
reforestation, and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable
changes in stocks in each commitment period shall be used to meet the
commitments in Article 3 of each Party included in Annex I. The
greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals by sinks
associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent
and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 8 and
9.
5. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each
Party included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice data to
establish its level of carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an
estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent
years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as
practicable thereafter, review and determine modalities, rules and
guidelines as to how and which additional human-induced activities
related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the
agricultural soil and land-use change and forestry categories, shall
be added to or subtracted from the defined amount of Parties included
in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in
reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance
with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
Alternative A
6. The commitments for each Party included in Annex I shall
be established using the process set out in Annex C and shall be
inscribed in Annex
B.(3)
Alternative B
6. Parties included in Annex I shall be subject to uniform
commitments under this Article, which are as follows:
(to be completed).
7. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of
transition to a market economy whose base year or period was
established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the
Parties to the Convention at its second session, shall use that base
year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this
Article. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process
of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its
first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may
also notify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use a historical base
year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its
commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving
as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the
acceptance of such notification.
8. Taking into account Article 4.6 of the Convention, in the
implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than
those in Article 3, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed
by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I
undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy.
[9. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made
demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this
Protocol.]
[10. Each Party acting under Article 10 shall ensure that its
net aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of
the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed its defined
amount as determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 10
and calculated in accordance with the provisions of this
Article.]
[11. In the first commitment period, from 200[_] to 20[_],
the defined amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal
to [_ per cent/the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B for that
commitment period] of its net aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in
1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with
paragraph 7 above, multiplied by five.]
[12. In the second commitment period, from 20[_] to 20[_],
the defined amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal
to [_ per cent/the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B for that
commitment period] of its net aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in
1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with
paragraph 7 above, multiplied by
five.](4)
[13. In the first commitment period, the defined amount for each Party acting under
Article 10 shall be equal to the percentage, determined in
accordance with Article 10, of its net aggregate anthropogenic carbon
dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex
A in the base year or period determined in accordance with Article
10, multiplied by five.]
[14. Any part of a defined amount, or any emission credits,
which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the
provisions of Article 6 or Article 7 shall be added to the emission
commitment of that Party.]
[15. Any part of a defined amount, or any emission credits,
which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the
provisions of Article 6 or Article 7 shall be subtracted from the
emission commitment of that Party.]
[16. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I [or
acting under Article 10] during a commitment period are less than its
defined amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request
of that Party, be added to that Party's defined amount for subsequent
commitment periods.]
[17. Until such time as any greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol from any source and sink categories are
covered by commitments under this Article, Parties included in Annex
I [or acting under Article 10] shall make every effort to limit and
reduce their anthropogenic emissions by sources and enhance their
removals by sinks of such gases.]
[18. Each Party included in Annex I shall fulfil the
commitments mentioned in paragraph 6 above in such a way as to
minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on
developing country Parties, particularly those indentified in Article
4.8 of the Convention. In line with the relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties on the implementation of Article 4.8, the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention, serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session after
entry into force of this Protocol, consider what actions are
necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or
the impacts of response measures on Parties under Article 4.8 of the
Convention. Issues to be considered shall include [the establishment
of measurements of compensation,] funding, insurance and transfer of
technology.]
[19. A clean development fund shall be established by the the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to assist the developing country Parties to achieve sustainable development and contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention. The clean development fund will receive contributions from those Parties included in Annex I found to be in non-compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives under this Protocol. The clean development fund will also be open for voluntary contributions from Parties included in Annex I.]
1. Any Parties included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10] that have agreed to jointly fulfil their obligations with respect to quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives shall be deemed to have met those obligations provided that their total
combined level of emission reductions meets the levels as set out
in Annex B for those Parties. The respective emission level allocated
to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that
agreement.
Alternative A
2. Such agreement will become operative only if all Parties to it have notified the
secretariat of the terms of the agreement which shall remain
operative for the duration of this Protocol or until a decision to
amend or rescind the agreement is notified to the secretariat by all
Parties to the agreement.
3. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the
agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or subsequently, in
any event five years before the expiry of the period mentioned in
Article 3. The secretariat shall in turn inform the other Parties of
the terms of the agreement or any decision to amend or rescind
it.
Alternative B
1(bis) The allocated level of emissions for each Party to the
agreement shall be a legally binding commitment.
2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the
agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The secretariat
shall in turn inform the other Parties of the terms of the
agreement.
3. Such agreement will become operative for the purposes of
this Protocol if the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol has reviewed and approved the
agreement. No obligation of any Party specified in the agreement may
exceed [_] per cent of the level of the emission reductions as set
out for it in Annex B. The agreement shall remain operative for the
duration of the commitment period specified in Annex
B.
3(bis) If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization, any alteration in the
composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall
not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Provision for
such an alteration in the composition of the organization shall be
made in the context of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol reaching agreements on future
commitments.
4. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total
combined level of emission reductions, each Party to such an
agreement shall be responsible for its own level of emissions set out
in the agreement.
5. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this
Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration
organization individually, and together with the regional economic
integration organization acting in accordance with Article 25, shall,
in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of
emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions as
notified in accordance with this Article.
1. Each Party included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10]
shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the
first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Guidelines
for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies
specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol at its first session.
2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter
alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice
provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate,
revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account
any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall only
be used for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments
under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period subsequent to
that revision.
3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon
dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its third session.
Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body
for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming
potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any
relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention. Any revision to a global warming potential shall only
apply to those commitments under Article 3 in respect of any
commitment period subsequent to that revision.
1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in
Annex I [or acting under Article 10] may [, under the
international framework to be established under paragraph 4 below,]
transfer to or acquire from any other Party included in Annex I [or
acting under Article 10] any part of its defined amount under Article
3, provided that each such Party is in compliance with its
obligations under Articles [2, 3,] 5 and 8, and has in place a
national mechanism for the certification and verification of emission
trades.
2. A Party may authorize intermediaries to participate, under
the responsibility of that Party, in actions leading to the transfer
or acquisition, under this Article, of any part of its defined
amount.
3. Emissions trading, as defined in paragraph 1 above, shall
be subject to the following criteria:
[(a) Emission levels achieved before the start of any trading
system established under this Protocol can[not] be used as the basis
for emissions trading;]
(b) Emissions trading shall be supplemental to domestic policies and measures
[, which should provide the main means] [for the purposes] of meeting commitments under
Article 3; and
(c) A Party whose emissions are in excess of its defined
amount in any budget period may acquire, but may not transfer, part
of its defined amount.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon
as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and
guidelines for emissions trading, as provided for in paragraph 1
above, including methodologies for verification and
reporting.
5. If a question of a Party's implementation of the
requirements of Articles [2, 3,] 5 or 8 is identified in accordance
with the provisions of Article 9, transfers and acquisitions of any
part of a defined amount may continue to be made, provided that any
such part of a defined amount may not be used by any Party to meet
its obligations under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is
resolved. If a question of a Party's implementation of paragraph 3(c)
above is identified in accordance with the provisions of Article 9,
the provisions of this paragraph shall apply only to transfers of any
part of a defined amount by that Party.]
1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in
Annex I [or acting under Article 10] may receive from any
other Party included in the same Annex [or acting under that
Article], in conformity with the rules of this Article and the
decisions adopted in accordance with paragraph 5 below, the carbon
dioxide equivalent emission reductions resulting from joint
implementation projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions [or
enhancing anthropogenic removals] of greenhouse gases listed in Annex
A in any sector of the economy.
2. Parties participating in joint implementation projects
have the right to share [among themselves] the credits attributed to
the project.
3. In order to generate credits, joint implementation
projects shall satisfy the following conditions:
(a) Parties participating in joint implementation projects shall be in compliance with their obligations under Articles 3, 5 and 8 of this Protocol, and shall have a national mechanism for the accounting, certification and verification of their greenhouse gas emissions;
(b) Participation in joint implementation projects shall be
voluntary, and shall require prior acceptance, approval or
endorsement by the participating Parties;
(c) Joint implementation projects shall bring about real,
measurable and long-term environmental benefits related to the
mitigation of climate change, whilst avoiding adverse environmental
and social effects. Projects must provide a reduction in [or a
removal by sinks of] emissions that is additional to any that would
otherwise occur;
(d) Joint implementation projects must be compatible with,
and supportive of, national environment and development priorities
and strategies, and must contribute to cost-effectiveness in
achieving global benefits;
[(e) Joint implementation projects can be undertaken by two
or more Parties;]
(f) Joint implementation projects shall be supplemental to domestic policies
and measures [, which should provide the main means of meeting commitments under
Article 3];
(g) Joint implementation projects shall be assessed on a
project basis. Credits shall be calculated and allocated on an annual
basis. They shall be subject to stringent emission reduction [or
removal] verification and accountability methodologies. For each
project, a baseline shall be established, against which the net
environmental benefits of greenhouse gas emission mitigation and
reduction achieved by the joint implementation project can be
compared; and
(h) Parties shall report on joint implementation projects in
their national communications using guidelines to be adopted by the
Meeting of the Parties at its first session and periodically reviewed
thereafter.
4. A Party may authorize intermediaries to participate, under
the responsibility of that Party, in actions leading to the
generation, transfer or receipt of credits for joint implementation
projects under this Article.
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and
periodically review thereafter:
[(a) Criteria and guidelines for the attribution of emission
credits to projects;]
(b) Guidelines for reporting on joint implementation projects
and for the accounting, certification and verification of greenhouse
gas emissions [and removals];
(c) Methodologies for calculating project baselines and
actual emissions [or removals] in order to assess the incremental
impact of the project; and
(d) Methodologies for the verification and auditing of actual emission reductions [or removals].
.
[6. If a decision is taken by the Conference of the Parties
to the Convention at the conclusion of the pilot phase of activities
implemented jointly, in accordance with decision 5/CP.1 of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, to
allow joint implementation with Parties not included in Annex I, then
Parties included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10] may, jointly
with other Parties, undertake projects aimed at limiting or reducing
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in any
sector of the economy, in conformity with the rules of this Article
and the decisions adopted for this purpose by the Meeting of the
Parties.]
7. If a question of a Party's implementation of the
requirements of this Article is identified in accordance with the
provisions of Article 9, transfers and acquisitions of emission
credits may continue to be made after the question has been
identified, provided that any such credits may not be used by any
Party to meet its obligations under Article 3 until any issue of
compliance is resolved.]
1. Each Party included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10]
shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant
decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, the
necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring
compliance with Article 3 of this Protocol, to be determined in
accordance with paragraph 4 below.
2. Each Party included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10]
shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under
Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary
to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol,
including Articles 2, 3, [5, 6, 7, 12 and 13], to be determined in
accordance with paragraph 4 below.
3. Each Party included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10]
shall submit the information required under paragraph 1 above
annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention
for the first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has
entered into force for that Party. Each such Party shall submit the
information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first
national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol
has entered into force for that Party and after the adoption of
guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of
subsequent submission of information required under this Article
shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any
timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon
by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review
periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the
information required under this Article, taking into account
guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties
included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first
commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of
defined amounts.
1. The information submitted under Article 8 by each Party
included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10] shall be reviewed by
expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention and in accordance with
guidelines adopted for the purpose by the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under
paragraph 4 below. The information submitted under Article 8.1 by
each Party included in Annex I [or acting under Article 10] shall be
reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of
emissions inventories [and defined amounts]. Additionally, the
information submitted under Article 8.2 by each Party included in
Annex I [or acting under Article 10] shall be reviewed as part of the
review of communications.
2. Expert review teams shall be co-ordinated by the secretariat and shall be
composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to
the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental
organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose
by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment
of all aspects of a Party's implementation of this Protocol. The
expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
assessing the implementation of a Party's commitments and identifying
any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of
commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to
all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those
questions of implementation indicated by such reports for further
consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review
periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of implementation
by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of
the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body
for Implementation and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advice, as appropriate, shall consider:
(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 8 and the
reports of the expert reviews thereof conducted under this Article;
and
(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under
paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by
Parties.
6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5(a) and (b)
above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter necessary
for the implementation of this Protocol.
1. Any signatory or Party to this Protocol not included in
Annex I may, at any time, notify the Depositary that it has opted to
be bound by this Article. The Depositary shall inform the other
signatories and Parties of any such notification.
2. Such notification, supported by an inventory of emissions
of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,
including for the historical base year or period chosen under
subparagraph (a) below, and a projection of future emissions, shall
include a formal declaration on the following
points:
(a) Its chosen historical base year or period for the implementation of
subparagraph (b) below; and
(b) The level of limitation or reduction of anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases listed in Annex A, as a basket, it is
ready to undertake.
3. Where a notification has been made pursuant to paragraphs
1 and 2 above, the secretariat shall include it in the agenda for the
following Meeting of the Parties which shall decide on the acceptance
of such notification.
4. After its acceptance by the Meeting of the Parties, a
notification by a signatory shall enter into force on the date of
entry into force of this Protocol for that State, and a notification
by a Party to this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth
day after the acceptance of such notification. The commitment under
paragraph 2(b) above of Parties acting under this Article shall be
inscribed in Annex B.
5. Parties acting under this Article shall be bound by the
obligations of Parties included in Annex I with respect to the
communication of information related to implementation under Article
10.2(a) and (b) and Article 12 of the Convention, and the relevant
decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention.]
1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in
the light of the best available scientific information and assessment
on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical,
social and economic information. Such reviews shall be co-ordinated
with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in particular those
required by Article 4.2(d) and Article 7.2(a) of the Convention.
Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate
action.
2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place in a regular and
timely manner.
1. All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and
their specific national and regional development priorities,
objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments
for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing
commitments in Article 4.1 of the Convention, and continuing to
advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve
sustainable development, taking into account Article 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7
of the Convention, shall:
(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national
and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality
of local emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect
the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and
periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies
to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent
with the guidelines for national communications adopted by the
Conference of the Parties;
(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update
national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing
measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate
adequate adaptation to climate change;
Alternative A
(i) The programmes containing measures shall,
inter alia, and to the extent possible
and relevant, [remove obstacles to the limitation or the abatement of
increase of anthropogenic emissions by sources and to the enhancement
of removals by sinks, enhance energy efficiency, emphasize
market-oriented pricing, as appropriate encourage reforms in the
energy sector and regulatory regimes, increase the use of renewable
energy, make improvements in the transport and industrial sectors,
promote the development and sustainable management of greenhouse gas
sinks and reservoirs, improve the integration of climate change
considerations into the agriculture and waste management sectors,
promote voluntary arrangements with industry, and generally take
actions to address climate change that, in the context of their
national priorities, objectives and circumstances, are economically
justified and can help address other environmental problems;]
and
(ii) The programmes containing measures shall,
inter alia, and to the extent possible
and relevant, [improve protection measures for infrastructure,]
deploy adaptation technologies and know-how, develop and implement
integrated mountain area plans, develop and implement integrated
coastal zone management plans, develop research on impacts of, and
adaptation to, climate change, develop and implement related
technical capacity building and awareness raising measures, promote
sustainable management plans for the conservation and enhancement of
sinks and reservoirs and ecosystems and develop and implement plans
for water resources and agriculture, particularly for countries
affected by drought and desertification;
Alternative B
(b) Each developed country Party and each other developed Party included in
Annex II to the Convention shall incorporate into its
national programmes the quantified emission limitation and reduction
objectives and related policies and measures under this Protocol,
including details of measures undertaken by them to promote,
facilitate and finance transfer of technology, provide new and
additional financial resources and assist in meeting costs of
adaptation in developing countries. Each developing country Party
shall seek to include in its national communication, as appropriate,
information on programmes which contain measures that the Party
believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverse
impacts, including the abatement of increase in greenhouse gas
emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity
building and adaptation measures;
(c) Promote effective modalities, including the removal of
barriers, for the development, application and diffusion of, and take
all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as
appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound
technologies, know-how, practices and processes pertinent to the
mitigation of, and adaptation to climate change, in particular to
developing countries, including the formulation of policies and
programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally sound
technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the
creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to
promote and enhance access to, and transfer of, environmentally sound
technologies;
(d) Identify and implement procedures that enable governments
to take climate change considerations into account in all relevant
decisions;
(e) Promote, cooperate and share information on the national
development and use of indicators of sustainable development, on a
voluntary basis, to assist in the assessment of climate change and
its adverse impacts and response measures;
(f) Co-operate in scientific and technical research and promote
the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems
and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to
the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the
economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and
promote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities
and capabilities to participate in international and
intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and
systematic observation, taking into account Article 5 of the
Convention;
(g) Co-operate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate,
using existing bodies, the development and implementation of
education and training programmes, [including the strengthening of
national institutions] and the exchange or secondment of personnel to
train experts in this field, in particular for developing countries,
and facilitate at the national level public awareness and public
access to information on climate change. Suitable modalities should
be developed to implement these activities through the relevant
bodies of the Convention taking into account Article 6 of the
Convention;
[(h) Communicate to the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol , through the
secretariat, information related to the implementation of their
commitments under this Protocol, in accordance with Article 8 and
with Article 10.2(a) and (b) and Article 12 of the Convention, taking
fully into account the guidelines for communications adopted by the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention and any modifications
thereto [as well as any subsequent guidelines that the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
may adopt]; and]
(i) In the implementation of the commitments in this article,
Article 4.8 of the Convention shall be given full
consideration.
1. In the implementation of Article 12, Parties shall take into
account the provisions of Article 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 of the
Convention.
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4.1 of the
Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4.3 and
Article 11 of the Convention, and through the operating entity or
entities of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed
country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to
the Convention shall:
(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet
the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in
implementing measures under Article 12(a) of this Protocol;
and
(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the
transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to
meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing measures that
are covered by Article 12 and that are agreed between a developing
country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in
Article 11 of the Convention in accordance with that
Article.
3. The implementation of these commitments shall take into
account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds
and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed
country Parties. The guidance to the financial mechanism of the
Convention contained in relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties to the Convention, including those agreed before the adoption
of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis
mutandis to the provisions of this
paragraph.
4. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the
Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail
themselves of, financial resources for the implementation of Article
12 herein, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral
channels.
1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as
observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties exercises its functions
as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this
Protocol shall be taken only by those of its members that are, at
that time, Parties to this Protocol.
3. When the Conference of the Parties exercises its functions as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the
Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but,
at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by
an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to
this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the
implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its mandate,
the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It
shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and
shall:
(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with
the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this
Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the measures taken
pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and
social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to
which progress towards the objective of the Convention is being
achieved;
(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under
this Protocol(8), giving due
consideration to any reviews required by Article 4.2(d) and Article
7.2 of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the
Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the
evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this
respect consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of
this Protocol;
(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on
measures adopted by the Parties to address climate change and its
effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective
commitments under this Protocol;
(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the
co-ordination of measures adopted by them to address climate change
and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective
commitments under this Protocol;
(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of
the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully
into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties
to the Convention, the development and periodic refinement of
comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this
Protocol, to be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;
(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the
implementation of this Protocol;
(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with
Article 13.2;
(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary
for the implementation of this Protocol;
(i) The rules of procedure and financial procedures of the
Convention shall apply, mutatis
mutandis, to the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and its subsidiary
bodies, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol;
(j) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and
co-operation of, and information provided by, competent international
organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies;
and
(k) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the
implementation of this Protocol, and consider any assignment
resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention.
5. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving
as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by
the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention that is scheduled after
the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. Subsequent
ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and
in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the
Parties to the Convention unless otherwise decided by the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol.
6. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties shall be held at such other times as may be deemed
necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written request of any Party,
provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to
the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third
of the Parties.
7. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy
Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers
thereto not party to the Convention, may be represented at sessions
of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether
national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is
qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and which has informed
the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one
third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation
of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure adopted by
the Conference of the Parties acting as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol.
1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention
shall serve as the secretariat of this Protocol.
2. The functions of the secretariat under Article 8.2 and
arrangements made for its functioning under Article 8.3 of the
Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
The secretariat shall also exercise the functions assigned to it
under this Protocol.
1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and
the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention shall serve
as the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and
the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol. Their
functioning with respect to the Convention shall apply mutatis
mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the meetings of the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in
conjunction with the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific
and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation
of the Convention.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol
may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the
subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies exercise their
functions as the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under
this Protocol shall be taken only by those of its members that are,
at that time, Parties to this Protocol.
3. When the subsidiary bodies exercise their functions with regard
to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the
subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that
time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an
additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to
this Protocol.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with
Article 18.
Alternative A
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, in a manner
that takes fully into account the need for compatibility with any
procedures under Article 17, approve appropriate and effective
procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of
non-compliance of Annex I Parties with the provisions of this
Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of
consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and
frequency of non-compliance. Any binding penalties for non-compliance
under the procedures and mechanisms established under this Article
shall be made available for the use of the clean development fund
established under Article _.
Alternative B
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve
appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and
to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this
Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of
consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and
frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this
Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by means of
an amendment to this Protocol.
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary
session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed amendment to
this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat
at least six months before the session at which it is proposed for
adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate proposed amendments
to the signatories to this Protocol, to the Parties and signatories
to the Convention and, for information, to the
Depositary.
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any
proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at
consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the
amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths
majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The
adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the
Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their
acceptance.
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be
deposited with the Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance
with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for those Parties
having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by
the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three
fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the
ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the
Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said
amendment.
1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof
and, unless otherwise expressly provided, a reference to this
Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes
thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this
Protocol shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material
of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical,
procedural or administrative character.
2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and
may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.
3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the session at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex to the signatories to this Protocol, to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any
proposed annex or amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts
at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the annex
or amendment to an annex shall, as a last resort, be adopted by a
three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the
meeting. The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be
communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall
circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
5. An annex, other than Annex A, B or
C(10), that has been proposed and
adopted or amended in accordance with paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 above
shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months
after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties
of the adoption or amendment of the annex, except for those Parties
that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of
their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to an annex. The annex
or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which
withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day
after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been
received by the Depositary.
6. If the adoption of an annex, or an amendment to an annex
involves an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an
annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to
this Protocol enters into force.
7. Proposals for amendments to Annexes A, B and C to this Protocol
shall be adopted and enter into force in accordance with the
procedure laid down in Article 20, provided that any amendments to
Annex C, shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party
concerned.
1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in
paragraph 2 below.
2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within
their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of
votes equal to the number of their member States which are Parties to
this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to
vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice
versa.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the
Depositary of this Protocol.
1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by States and
regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the
Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations
Headquarters in New York from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999, and
shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which this
Protocol is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the
Depositary.
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a
Party to this Protocol without any of its member States being a Party
shall be bound by all the obligations under this Protocol. In the
case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a
Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall
decide on their respective responsibilities for the performance of
their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the
organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise
rights under this Protocol concurrently.
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession, regional economic integration organizations shall declare
the extent of their competence with respect to the matters governed
by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the
Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial
modification in the extent of their competence.
No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
Alternative A
1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than [50] Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least [50] [60] [75(12)
] per cent of the total carbon dioxide
emissions(13) for 1990 of the Parties
included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon
dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I" means
the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption of this
Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national
communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the
Convention.
Alternative B
1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
after the date of deposit of the [75th] [50th]
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,
including those of [50] [75] per cent of the Parties included in
Annex I.
[2 ]
[3 ] For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or
approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the
conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for the entry into force have
been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth
day following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession.
[3]
[4] For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic
integration organization shall not be counted as additional
to those deposited by States members of that
organization.
1. At any time after three years from the date on which this
Protocol has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw
from this Protocol by giving written notification to the
Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year
from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of
withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be
considered as also having withdrawn from this Protocol.
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
[Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)]
Sectors/source and sink
categories
Energy
Fuel combustion
Energy industries
Manufacturing industries and construction
Transport
Other sectors
Other
Fugitive Emissions from fuels
Solid fuels
Oil and natural gas
Other
Industrial processes
Mineral products
Chemical industry
Metal production
Other production
Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Other
Solvent and other product use
Agriculture
Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Rice cultivation
Agricultural soils
Prescribed burning of savannas
Field burning of agricultural residues
Other
Waste
Solid waste disposal on land
Wastewater handling
Waste incineration
Other
Party Emissions in Emission Defined amount
base year/period commitment in commitment period
(%)
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria*
Canada
Czechoslovakia*
Denmark
European Economic Community
Estonia*
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary*
Iceland
Japan
Latvia*
Lithuania*
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland*
Portugal
Romania*
Russian Federation*
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine*
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
United States of America
* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.
1. The process of establishing quantified emission limitation
and reduction objectives for each Party subject to Article 3 shall
take into account the differences in starting points and approaches,
economic structures and resource bases, the need to maintain strong
and sustainable growth, available technologies and other individual
circumstances, as well as the need for equitable and appropriate
contributions by each of these Parties to the global effort. To this
effect the differences in the following factors, fully substantiated
by readily available official data, shall be taken into account, as
appropriate, in the case of each Party:
(a) Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per capita of the
greenhouse gases listed in Annex A;
(b) Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per unit of gross domestic product of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A;
(c) Gross domestic product per capita;
(d) Gross domestic product per capita growth;
(e) Effective emissions in a given time period, defined as the increase in global mean surface temperature at the end of the period, as determined by an agreed climate change model, resulting from both the net anthropogenic emissions of an agreed set of greenhouse gases in each year of that time period and from the initial concentrations of those greenhouse gases at the beginning of the period;
(f) Projected population growth;
(g) Emission intensity of gross domestic
product;
(h) Emission intensity of exports;
(i) Fossil fuel intensity of exports; and
(j) Share of renewable energy in energy
supply.
2. In addressing national circumstances in their
communications, Parties shall include data relating to the above
factors, as appropriate.]