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Compendium on methods and tools to evaluate impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate
change
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Input-Output Modeling (with IMPLAN)
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Description
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Input-output accounting (using the IMPLAN model as an example) describes commodity flows from
producers to intermediate and final consumers.
The total industry purchases of commodities, services, employment compensation, value added, and
imports are equal to the value of the commodities produced. Industries producing goods and services
for final use and purchases for final use (final demand) drive the model. Industries producing
goods and services for final demand purchase goods and services from other producers. These other
producers, in turn, purchase goods and services. This buying of goods and services continues until
leakages from the region stop the cycle. The resulting sets of multipliers describe the change of
output for every regional industry caused by a US$1.00 change in final demand for any given
industry.
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Appropriate Use
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Serves three functions: data retrieval, data reduction and model development, and impact analysis.
Comprehensive and detailed data coverage of the entire U.S. by county and the ability to incorporate
user-supplied data at each stage of the model building process provide a high degree of flexibility
in terms of both geographic coverage and model formulation. Can be used to look at the effects of
adaptations such as changes in economic policies (e.g., removal or imposition of subsidies) toward
agriculture. Designed specifically for the U.S., but basic model structure can be adapted and applied
to other countries where data are available.
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Scope
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Agricultural sector; national or regional-specific.
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Key Output
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Being demand-driven, most input-output models are structured to trace changes in the flows of capital
and labor between industries in response to a change in final demand. Climate change impact analysis
often uses input-output models to trace the interindustry flows in response to climate-induced
changes in supply.
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Key Input
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The IMPLAN database consists of (1) a U.S. level technology matrix and (2) estimates of sectoral
activity for final demand, final payments, industry output and employment for each county in the
U.S., along with state and national totals.
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Ease of Use
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Commercially available input-output models like IMPLAN are relatively easy to use, although
modification from demand to supply driven models is facilitated with an economics background.
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Training Required
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Training in the use of these models, along with a background in economic analysis, is essential.
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Training Available
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MIG Workshops (see Contacts) provide training on the use of IMPLAN in economic analysis. Workshops
are held either in MIG’s Minnesota USA office or at user’s site.
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Computer Requirements
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Requires a PC, Windows, and the IMPLAN software package. Adobe Acrobat needed to download user manual
from the website.
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Documentation
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A user manual for IMPLAN, available from the MIG, Inc. website listed in Contacts below, may be
downloaded to a PC using Adobe software.
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Applications
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Applied by numerous state, federal, academic, and private institutions in the U.S., such as U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forestry Service, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and
Cornell University.
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Contacts for Framework, Documentation, Technical Assistance
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MIG, Inc.
1725 Tower Drive West, Suite 140, Stillwater, MN 55082 USA; Tel: +1.651.439.4421; Fax:
+1.651.439.4813; e-mail: info@implan.com; website: http://www.implan.com. Product Support: http://www.implan.com/support.html.
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Cost
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IMPLAN costs vary depending on scope of study (county, state, or national). County-level software
costs $150 per county. State-level software averages about $1,500 per state.
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References
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Bowes, M. and P. Crosson. 1993. Consequences of climate change for the MINK economy: Impacts and
responses. Climatic Change 24:131-158.
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