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Compendium on methods and tools to evaluate impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate
change
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CIMSiM and DENSiM (Dengue Simulation Model)
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Description
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CIMSiM is a dynamic life-table simulation entomological model that produces mean-value estimates of
various parameters for all cohorts of a single species of Aedes mosquito within a representative 1
ha area. For each cohort, depending on the life stage, CIMSiM maintains information on abundance,
age, development with respect to temperature and size, weight, fecundity, and gonotrophic status.
With few exceptions, the various processes are simulated mechanistically.
The accounting is made dynamic by calculating on a daily basis the number of each cohort that will
pass to the next age or stage as a function of a number of variables and relationships. For
example, development times of eggs, larvae, pupae, and gonotrophic cycle are based on temperature
using an enzyme kinetics approach. The bases of larval weight gain, food depletion, and fasting are
differential equations modified to compensate for the influence of temperature. Fecundity is
modeled as a function of pupal size, which in turn is a function of the recent history of larval
abundance, food, temperature and, fasting in the larval habitat. All survivals are tied to
temperature, and, for adults and eggs, saturation deficit as well; larval survival is also a
function of fasting and body fat reserves. Because microclimate is a key determinant of survival
and development for all stages, CIMSiM also contains an extensive database of daily weather
information.
DENSiM is essentially the corresponding account of the dynamics of a human population driven by
country- and age-specific birth and death rates. An accounting of individual serologies is
maintained, reflecting infection and birth to seropositive mothers. The entomological factors
passed from CIMSiM are used to create the biting mosquito population. The survival and emergence
values dictate the dynamic size of the vector population within DENSiM while the gonotrophic
development and weight estimates influence the rate at which these females bite. Temperature and
titer of virus in the human influence the extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito; titer is
also seen as influencing the probability of transfer of virus from human to mosquito. The infection
model accounts for the development of virus within individuals and its passage between the vector
and human populations.
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Appropriate Use
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The models can be used to:
- Optimize dengue control strategies using multiple control measures;
- Develop transmission thresholds in terms of Ae. aegypti pupae per person as a function of
temperature and herd immunity;
- Evaluate the impact of climate change.
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Scope
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The models are site-specific and require local surveys and weather to parameterize them.
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Key Output
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Parameters estimated by DENSiM include demographic, entomologic, serologic, and infection information
on a human age-class and/or time basis.
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Key Input
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A pupal/demographic survey is required to estimate the productivities of the various local
water-holding containers. Daily weather is required — maximum/minimum temperature, rainfall,
and saturation deficit.
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Ease of Use
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The front ends of the models are Windows-based and easy to use. However, because the models are
site-specific, there is a substantial upfront investment in parameterization.
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Training Required
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Usually, 3-4 days of training in the context of a grant where Dana A. Focks is either the PI or a
collaborator with responsibilities for simulation analysis.
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Training Available
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Interested parties should contact Dana A. Focks.
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Computer Requirements
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IBM PC compatible computers are required. Memory 512 MB, processor speed useful, 1 GHz rough minimum.
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Documentation
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Documentation for the DOS versions is available from Dana A. Focks.
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Applications
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Use of the models has permitted the development of targeted source reduction/control strategies;
WHO’s TDR is now funding pilot evaluations in 10 countries. To project the impact of climate
change on dengue prevalence in the Caribbean, Mexico, USA (Texas), and multiple locations in South
and Central America, and Asia.
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Contacts for Framework, Documentation, Technical Assistance
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Dana A. Focks
Infectious Disease Analysis, P.O. Box 12852, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA; Tel: 352.375.3520; Fax:
352.372.1838; e-mail: dafocks@id-analysis.com.
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Cost
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Depends on end user. Many dengue-endemic countries have copies.
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References
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Burke, D., A. Carmichael, D. Focks et al. 2001. Under the Weather: Exploring the Linkages Between
Climate, Ecosystems, Infectious Disease, and Human Health. National Research Council, National
Academy Press, Washington, DC 146 pp.
Ebi, K.L., N.D. Lewis and C. Corvalan. 2006. Climate Variability and Change and Their Potential
Health Effects in Small Island States: Information for Adaptation Planning in the Health Sector.
Environ Health Perspect 114(12):1957-1963.
Focks, D.A., D.H. Haile, E. Daniels, and G.A. Mount. 1993a. Dynamic life table model of a
container-inhabiting mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Analysis of the literature
and model development. J Med Entomol 30:1003-1017.
Focks, D.A., D.H. Haile, E. Daniels, and G.A. Mount. 1993b. Dynamic life table model of a
container-inhabiting mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Simulation Results and
Validation. J Med Entomol 30:1018-1028.
Focks, D.A., E. Daniels, D.H. Haile, and J.E. Keesling. 1995. A simulation model of the
epidemiology of urban dengue fever: Literature analysis, model development, preliminary validation,
and samples of simulation results. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:489-506.
Focks, D.A., R.J. Brenner, D.D. Chadee, and J. Trosper. 1998. The use of spatial analysis in the
control and risk assessment of vector-borne diseases. Am Entomologist 45:173-183.
Focks, D.A., R.J. Brenner, E. Daniels, and J. Hayes. 2000. Transmission thresholds for dengue in
terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction
efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:11-18.
Focks, D.A. 2003a. A Review of Entomological Sampling Methods and Indicators for Dengue Vectors.
Tropical Disease Research, World Health Organization. Geneva. Jetten, T.H. and D.A. Focks. 1997.
Changes in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming scenarios. Am J Trop Med
Hyg 57:285-297.
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